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Bio 192 > Evolution Exam 1 > Flashcards

Evolution Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hierarchy of biological organizations

A

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle cell, tissue, organ, organ system, individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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2
Q

difference between living and non living organisms

A

ability to self replicate and metabolize

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3
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

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4
Q

community

A

groups of different species living in the same area

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5
Q

ecosystem

A

community and non living components (rocks, water, sand, air, sunlight, heat)

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6
Q

technology alters/manipulates nature

A

can’t prove/test a hypothesis

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7
Q

theory

A

a well supported hypothesis

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8
Q

scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Collect data
  5. Test Hypothesis
    6a. If supported, study done
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9
Q

Modern Synthesis

A

due to the advances of genetics

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10
Q

“To unroll”

A

change over time of inherited characteristics of a population

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11
Q

Two Scale Evolution

A

Microevolution: evolution within a singular species population
Macroevolution: evolution of new species

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12
Q

Natural Selection

A

differential success in the survival and reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment

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13
Q

Hardy Weinburg Principle

A
  • population genetics
  • gene pool
  • genetic equilibrium: population in which allele frequencies of a gene do not change
  • assumptions: large population size, random meeting, no evolution (NO natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutations)
  • genetic frequencies: phenotype vs genotypic vs allelic which represents a population in terms of probability
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14
Q

Fitness

A

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other individuals in the population

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15
Q

Key

A

survival of genes/genotypes (not individuals)

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16
Q

why is natural selection important?

A

Artificial selection
Antibiotic resistance

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17
Q

Mechanisms of Microevolution

A
  • mutation
  • genetic drift
  • gene flow
  • assortative mating
  • sexual selection
  • kin selection
  • inclusive fitness
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18
Q

Mutations

A

random chemical change in DNA
Two types of mutations:
point mutation - incorrect nucleotide sequence
deletion- incomplete chromosome

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19
Q

Genetic drift

A

changes in allele frequencies of a small population due to random process
founder effect (location displacement)- a phenomenon occurred and changed the species geological location which gave them new dominance
bottleneck effect- only allows a few individuals through

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20
Q

Gene flow

A

change in allele frequency/movement of genes from one population to another
- migration

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21
Q

assortative mating

A

non-random mating
ex. tall people fuck tall people

22
Q

sexual selection

A

differential reproductive success based on differential success in obtaining a mating partner

23
Q

kin selection

A

selection of genes that increases inclusive fitness of an individual

24
Q

inclusive fitness

A

individuals relative genetic contribution to the next generation, made both through itself and through relatives who have reproduced b/c of the individuals assistance

25
Q

Origin of species

A

Reproductive isolating mechanisms:
Prezygotic barriers-
- spatial
- extrinsic
- ecological
- intrinsic
- temporal
- behavioral
- mechanical
- gametic
Postzygotic barriers-
- hybrid zygote abnormaility
- hybrid inviability
- hybrid infertility
- absence/sterility of one sex

26
Q

spatial (geographic) isolation

A

occurs between populations that are separated by great distances, but it can also take place between populations that inhabit different parts of the same area.

27
Q

ecological i.m

A

intrinsic characteristics of species that reduce or prevent successful reproduction with members of other species.

28
Q

temporal i.m

A

times when to reproduce (seasons, day/night)

29
Q

behavioral i.m

A

different ways to recognize other species with the same attributes
ex. bird calls/songs

30
Q

mechanical i.m

A

reproductive structure or a physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms

31
Q

gametic i.m

A

egg/sperm come in contact but don’t bond/fertilize

32
Q

hybrid zygote abnomality

A

deformed physically/molecularly, wont survive

33
Q

hybrid inviability

A

survives but dies before the point that it can reproduce

34
Q

hybrid infertility

A

mule combo of horse and donkey which makes it infertile to produce another offspring of its kind

35
Q

absence/sterility of one sex

A

only one sex reproduces which can’t continue lineage

36
Q

species concept

A
  • biological
  • morphological
  • species recognition
  • genetic species
37
Q

biological species concept

A

group of individuals that have the ability to interbreed/produce viable offspring (doesn’t apply to asexuals or fossil species)

38
Q

morphological species concept

A

group of individuals sharing physical attributes

39
Q

species recognition species concept

A

if other individuals doesn’t recognize species then its another species

40
Q

genetic species concept

A

genetic difference between one population from another to make a new species

41
Q

macroevolution

A
  • phylogeny is the evolution of the history of organisms
  • generally geologic time
  • series of speciation events (bush not ladder)
  • extinct vs extant
42
Q

types of macroevolution

A
  • divergent evolution
  • convergent evolution
  • mosaic evolution
43
Q

divergent evolution

A

evolution of 2 descendants species from an ancestral species
- cladogenesis where multiple species evolve from one species
- anagenesis where one specie evolves into another specie
- homology is similarity due to common ancestry

44
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent acquisition of structural/functional similarities in two or more unrelated species
- homoplasy: similarity due to the uncommon ancestry

45
Q

mosaic evolution

A

different adaptive structure evolving at different rates
- “missing-link” fallacy: fossils fill in the gap
- one characteristic evolves at a time

46
Q

rates of evolution

A
  • phyletic gradualism (charles darwin)
  • punctuated equilibrium (with “stasis”; Stephen J Gould): depends on rate of environmental changes
47
Q

speciation models

A
  • allopatric: is the separation of environment/land which evolves species in each environment into a new/own kind of species (new species forms b/c of geogrpahic change)
  • sympatric: within a geographic location a new species evolves while another is already inhabiting that environment (new species forms within another species community)
48
Q

other processes

A
  • adaptive radiation: emergence of many species within a short time span
    -extinction: disappearance of species
49
Q

types of extinction

A
  • mass extinction: disappearance of many species within a short time
  • background extinction: here and there species go extinct (random)
    extinctions main cause is humans
50
Q

evidence of evolution

A
  • fossil records
  • comparative morphology of modern organisms: homologous features and vestigial (remanent) features
  • comparative embryology: ontogeny (developmental history of an individual) recapitulates phylogeny (Ernest Haeckel)
  • biochemical/genetic data: all cells have DNA = all organisms are derived from a common ancestor
51
Q

Dominances

A
  • single
  • incomplete
  • co: both traits equally expressed
  • sex linked

Bio 192 (5 decks)

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