Spanish II Flashcards

1
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

around there, that way

A

por allí

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Phrase: es que

A

The fact is….

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ESTAR

(past - pretérito)

A

estuve

estuviste

estuvo

estuvimos

estuvisteis

estuvieron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

POR vs PARA

When taking about exchange, including sales

A

POR

Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro

(He gave me ten dollars for the book)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differences in use of the Definite article between talking of a person and talking to a person

A

The definite article is used when talking about a person, but it is not used when talking directly to a person.

El señor Gómez es profesor.

Señor Gómez, ¿es usted profesor?

La señorita está muy bonita.

¡Señorita! Usted está muy bonita esta noche.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por ningún lado

A

nowhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect

Conocer

A

Preterite - met

Conocí a Juan hace cinco años.

I met Juan five years ago.(completed action)

Imperfect - knew

En aquella época conocíamos muy bien la ciudad.

At that time we knew the city very well.(no definite beginning or end)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phrase:

¿Y eso?

A

Why is that?

Use as another option instead of ¿Por qué?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to end a letter

A

Besos - kisses

Abrazos - hugs

Hasta pronto - See you then

Saludos - similar to english regards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

FUTURO - Future

venir

A

vendré

vendrás

vendrá

vendremos

vendréis

vendrán

venir - (stem changing venir->vendr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When referring to the thing you most liked or least liked with gustar

A

lo que más me gusta

lo que menos me gusta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por lo tanto

A

consequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

separately

A

por separado

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Present Progressive

A

estar + present participle

I am speaking (right now, at this moment)

Never use present progressive for something that will occur in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

escoger

yo …..

A

(to choose)

escojo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por desgracia

A

unfortunately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Present Subjunctive

-zar verbs

Example: empezar (e:ie)

A

z changes to c before e

(present subjunctive)

empiece

empieces

empiece

empecemos

empecéis

empiecen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How to test for when to use the imperfect tense.

Try substituting one of the following:

was/were …ing

used to …

would (meaning used to) …

A

I worked in the agency during the day.

I was working in the agency during the day.

I visited my grandmother every day.

I used to visit my grandmother every day.

Every afternoon I took a nap.

Every afternoon I would take a nap.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Comparative (inequality) - affirmative and followed by number

A

más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + de

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Subject pronouns and object pronouns differences

A

Only the 1st person and 2nd person singular are different

yo mí

tú ti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

poner

yo …..

A

(to put, to place)

pongo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phrase

How nice/what joy

A

¡qué alegría!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

POR vs PARA

estar ????” means to be in the mood or inclined to do something

A

POR

Model: Estoy por tomar café

(I’m in the mood for drinking coffee)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por lo visto

A

apparently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Imperfect tense regular -ar
- aba - abas - aba - ábamos - abais - aban hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban
10
Phrases to use when saying something is in the morning
**De la mañana** - use when in combination with a specific time **Por la mañana** - use without specific time to mean anytime in the morning Also use for **tarde** and **noche**.
11
SABER vs CONOCER
**saber**: to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart) **conocer**: to know(to be familiar with people, places, things)
11
ver yo .....
(to see) veo
11
When a verb follows a preposition When a reflexive verb follows a preposition
It remains in the infinitive It remains in the infinitive and the reflexive part changes to agree with subject and remains on end of verb: **Antes de dormirme, yo cuento burros.** **Antes de dormirte, tú cuentas burros.**
11
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por separado
separately
11
Preterite **huir** follows same form: (construir, contribuir, incluir)
huí huiste huyó huimos huisteis huyeron
11
Present Subjunctive Conocer
conozca conozcas conozca conozcamos conozcáis conozcan
11
PRETÉRITO - PAST ir
fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
12
valer **yo .....**
(to be worth) **valgo**
13
PRETÉRITO - PAST caber
cupe cupiste cupo cupimos cupisteis cupieron
14
PAGAR (past - pretérito)
pagué pagaste pagó pagamos pagasteis pagaron
15
When to use Object pronouns?
Use this set of pronouns to replace the noun that comes immediately after a preposition. **Juan habla de mí.** Juan speaks of me. **Hablo con ellos.** I speak with them. **Pablo compró un anillo para ella.** Pablo bought a ring for her.
15
Present Subjunctive Verbs with irregular first persons in present indicative Conocer Tener Salir
conozca tenga salga conozcas tengas salgas conozca tenga salga conozcamos tengamos salgamos conozcáis tengáis salgáis conozcan tengan salgan
16
Transitive and intransitive constructions
In English, many verbs can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without a direct object). The sun dried the clothes. (transitive) The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive) In Spanish, these intransitive constructions frequently employ the reflexive form. The sun dried the clothes. (transitive) **El sol secó la ropa.** The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive) **La ropa se secó al sol.**
18
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por último**
finally
18
Ver (Imperfect)
veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían
18
How to open an email
*Pedro*, Hola *Pedro*, Hola Sna. *Rodriguez*, (\*\*Note use of comma\*\*)
18
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions inside
por dentro
19
Quedar vs Encontrarse vs Conocer
Quedar is to meet someone when it is planned **Quedar con** {alguien} Encontrarse to meet someone by accident **Encontrarse a** {alguien} Conocer is to meet someone for the first time **Conocer a** {alguien} {conocía a -\> past} {voy a conocer -\> future}
20
Definite article Feminine singular nouns that begin with an emphasized **a** or **ha**
Use the masculine form of the article. **el agua** **el hacha** **el hambre** **el águila** Note only applies to singular form, in plural they go back to feminine: las aguas las hachas
21
Comparative (inequality) - negative and followed by number
no ...... **más/menos** + adjective/adverb/noun + **que**
21
Demonstratives Difference between adjective and pronoun
Adjective describes a noun Pronoun replaces a noun This book is mine. (adjective) That book is yours.(adjective) This (one) is mine. (pronoun) That (one) is yours. (pronoun) Juan reads this book. (adjective) **Juan lee este libro.** Juan reads this. (pronoun) **Juan lee este.**
21
Compound geographic names
The definite article is always used with compound geographic names. la América Central la América del Sur los Estados Unidos la Gran Bretaña
21
Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect Saber
**Preterite** - found out **María lo supo ayer. ** Maria found out yesterday.(completed action) **Imperfect** - knew **Juan sabía que María venía. ** Juan knew that Maria was coming.(no definite beginning or end)
22
PRETÉRITO - PAST perder
perdí perdiste perdió perdimos perdisteis perdieron
23
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por lo general**
generally
24
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: casar vs casarse con
**casar** - to perform a marriage ceremony **casarse con** - to become married to someone
25
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por adelantado
in advance
26
Ver vs Mirar
**Ver** is the simple act of seeing something or someone; to refer to watching of television, play or movie; watching a sporting event; anticipation of an outcome; indicate understanding;refer to a visit with someone **Mirar** is used: to indicate deliberating looking rather than mere seeing; to indicate the orientation of something
27
Hablar | (Present Subjunctive)
hable hables hable hablemos habléis hablen
28
FUTURO - FUTURE vivir
viviré vivirás vivirá viviremos viviréis vivirán
29
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por ejemplo**
for example
29
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por suerte**
fortunately
29
Present Subjunctive Sentir
sienta sientas sienta sintamos sintáis sientan
30
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por amor de Dios
for the love of God
31
Phrase: **pasar cosas**
to have experiences, adventures
32
Present Subjunctive Regular -er & -ir verbs
- a - as - a - amos - áis - an
32
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions certainly
por cierto
34
Present Subjunctive Contar
cuente cuentes cuente contemos contéis cuenten
35
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por supuesto**
of course
36
Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect Querer
**Preterite** - tried **María quiso comprar la casa. ** Maria tried to buy the house.(completed action) **Imperfect** - wanted **Juan quería comprar la casa. ** Juan wanted to buy the house.(no definite beginning or end)
37
PODER (Past - Pretérito)
pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron
37
POR vs PARA in passive constructions
POR Model: **El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz** (The book was written by Octavio Paz)
37
Volver a + INFINITIVE
To do something again
37
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: ir vs irse
**ir** - to go **irse** - to go away, to leave
38
**SER** and **ESTAR** contrasting uses
When a noun follows =\> use **ser** When an adjective follows =\> decide between essence (**ser**) & condition (**estar**) To tell where something is from =\> use **ser** To tell where something is located right now =\> use **estar** To tell where an event is taking place =\> use **ser**
39
Comparative (inequality) - affirmative and not followed by number
**más/menos **+ adjective/adverb/noun + **que**
41
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: quitar vs quitarse
quitar - to take away quitarse - to take off
42
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por aquí**
around here, this way
43
Day after tomorrow
pasado mañana
44
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: dormir vs dormirse
**dormir** - to sleep **dormirse** - to fall asleep
45
traer yo .....
(to bring) **traigo**
46
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por mi parte
as for me
46
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions on other hand
por otra parte
47
POR vs PARA Meaning "through", "along", "by" or "in the area of"
POR Model: Andamos por el parque(We walk through the park)
47
Comparatives of inequality
**más (menos)** + adjective/adverb/noun + **que** If the comparative is followed by a number, use **de** rather than que. Note that when the sentence is negative, **que** is used even with numbers, to convey the meaning "only."
49
POR vs PARA For velocity, frequency & proportion
POR Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana(I go to the restaurant five times per week)
50
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por lo menos
at least
52
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por eso (2)
That's why Therefore
54
**QUERER** | (past - pretérito)
quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron
54
POR vs PARA to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of"
PARA Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes (To make a paella, first sauté the meats)
56
Qué tal What situations to use this phrase in?
Can be followed by anything and doesn't need to follow grammatical rules ¿Qué tal el día? ¿Qué tal tu familia?
57
POR vs PARA In cases of mistaken identity, or meaning "to be seen as"
**POR** Model: **Me tienen por loco** (They take me for crazy)
58
Phrase:You want to come / fancy coming? \*\* 2 variants \*\*
¿Te apetece venir? ¿Quieres venir?
59
Phrase That sounds familiar
**Eso me suena**
60
Possessive Adjectives
**mi(s)** -- my **mi libro/mis plumas** **tu(s)** -- your (fam. sing.) **tu libro/tus plumas** **su(s)** -- his, her, your (formal), their **su libro/sus plumas** **nuestro(-a, -os, -as)** -- our **nuestro libro/nuestras plumas** **vuestro(-a, -os, -as)** -- your (fam. pl.) **vuestro libro/vuestras plumas**
61
FUTURO - Future **ir**
iré irás irá iremos iréis irán
63
POR vs PARA To show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver,and preguntar)
POR Model: Paso por ti a las ocho (I'll come by for you at 8 o'clock)
64
**lavarse** to wash oneself
yo **me lavo** tú **te lavas** él/ella/usted **se lava** nosotros/nosotras **nos lavamos** vosotros/vosotras **os laváis** ustedes/ellos/ellas **se lavan**
64
PRETÉRITO - PAST **dar hacer**
di hice diste hiciste dio hizo dimos hicimos disteis hicisteis dieron hicieron
66
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por casualidad
by chance
67
FUTURO - FUTURE hacer
haré harás hará haremos haréis harán Hacer - Stem changing hacer -\> har
68
Preterite: creer follows same form: (caer, leer, oír)
creí creíste creyó creímos creísteis creyeron
70
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: morir vs morirse
**morir** - to die (abruptly, as of an accident, war, etc.) **morirse** - to die (as from natural causes; also "to die" figuratively)
71
What/which **Cuál** vs **Qué**
Use **Cuál** when you a picking from a number of options. Usually **Qué** used without verb and before a noun **¿Qué nacionalidad?** Before verb use Cuál instead: **¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad?**
72
Superlative structure
**definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de** Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase. John is the smartest boy in the class. Bill Gates es el hombre más rico de los EEUU. Bill Gates is the richest man in the U.S.
74
Conjugation of preterite: Verbs that end in -ucir
Are irregular and conjugate as follows:producir produje produjiste produjo produjimos produjisteis produjeron Also: aducir, conducir, coproducir, deducir, inducir, introducir, reducir, traducir
76
Present Subjunctive Dormir
duerma duermas duerma durmamos durmáis duerman
77
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions therefore
por eso
79
PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Stem changing verbs)
e:i **servir -\> sirviendo** **pedir -\> pidiendo** **decir -\> diciendo** o:u **dormir -\> durmiendo** **morir -\> muriendo** **poder -\> pudiendo**
80
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por completo**
completely
81
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions palabra por palabra
word for word
82
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por todas partes
everywhere
84
Number: 101
Ciento uno
85
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por favor
please
85
FUTURO - FUTURE jugar
jugaré jugarás jugará jugaremos jugaréis jugarán
86
PRETÉRITO - PAST **dormir**
dormí dormiste durmió dormimos dormisteis durmieron **Dormir** - Note change of o-\>u in 3rd person singular & plural forms
87
Phrase: Changing the subject
**Cambiando de tema**
89
Conguation of preterite: Verbs that end in -uir
Change ío to yó in él/ella/usted form Change ieron to yeron in ellos/ellas/ustedes form Only the Yo form gains a written accent over the letter "i", the other forms do not.
90
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions word for word
palabra por palabra
92
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions by chance
por casualidad
93
FUTURO - FUTURE querer
querré querrás querrá querremos querréis querrán Querer - Stem changing querer -\> querr
94
POR vs PARA To mean "on behalf of" or "in favour of"
**POR** Model: No voté por nadie(I didn't vote for anyone)
94
Bad / Worse / Worst
Adjective: **malo** (bad) Comparative: **peor** (worse )Superlative: **el/la peor** (the worst)
96
How you conjugate the Subjunctive verb tense
Take the "Yo" form, drop the o and then replace with the respective endings
97
POR vs PARA To express gratitude or apology
POR Model: Gracias por la ayuda (Thanks for the help)
97
What comparative and superlative forms to use when referring to size (grande / pequeño)
Note that when referring to size, grande and pequeño follow the normal rules for comparative and superlative forms. That is, they do not use the irregular forms menor and mayor. **Esta casa es grande.** This house is big. **Esa casa es más grande.** That house is bigger. **Aquella casa es la más grande.** That house over there is the biggest.
99
What tense to use for how things were or what things were like?
Imperfect **Era un muchacho muy inteligente.** He was a very intelligent boy. **Era una señorita muy guapa. ** She was a beautiful young lady. **Las ventanas estaban abiertas.** The windows were open. **La casa era blanca. ** The house was white.
100
What tense to use for general mental state or physical sensations in the past?
Imperfect **Ramón tenía miedo de hablar en público.** Ramón was afraid to speak in public. **Yo creía que Juan podía hacerlo.** I thought that Juan could do it. **Me gustaba el coche.** I liked the car. (The car was pleasing to me.)
101
Comer | (Present Subjunctive)
coma comas coma comamos comáis coman
102
Phrase: **Ojalá que sí**
Hopefully so
103
PRETÉRITO - PAST creer
creí creíste creyo creímos creísteis creyeron **Creer** - Note change of i-\>y in 3rd person singular & plural forms
103
PRETÉRITO - PAST poder
pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron Pedir - Note stem changing in 3rd person singular & plural forms Poder - Note stem o-\>u throughout, and 3rd person singular isn't pudio but pudo
105
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions fortunately
por suerte
107
Formula for comparisons of equality when actions (not things) are being compared, and there is no adjective
*verb + tanto + como* **Sus estudiantes aprenden tanto como mis estudiantes. ** (learn as much as) **Rosario cocina tanto como Josefina. ** (cooks as much as) **Las naranjas cuestan tanto como las manzanas. ** (cost as much as)
108
Time Expressions with "hacer" Affirmative(\*\*\* 2 variants \*\*\*)
*Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb* **Hace un año que estudio español. ** I have been studying Spanish for one year. **Hace dos años que ellas estudian inglés. ** They have been studying English for two years. or *Present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time* **Estudio español desde hace un año. ** I have been studying Spanish for one year. **Ellas estudian inglés desde hace dos años. ** They have been studying English for two years.
109
Neither
Tampoco Note: only this form, NOT tampoca!
111
caer yo .....
(to fall) caigo
111
Present Subjunctive **-car** and **-gar** verbs Example: **buscar / pagar**
**c** changes to **qu** before **e** **g** changes to **gu** before **e** **busque / pague** **busques / pagues** **busque / pague** **busquemos / paguemos** **busquéis paguéis** **busquen / paguen**
113
Formula for comparisons of equality with nouns
*tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como* **Juan tiene tanto dinero como María. ** (as much money as) **Él tiene tanta paciencia como ella. ** (as much patience as) **Tiene tantos libros como ella. ** (as many books as) **Tiene tantas plumas como ella. ** (as many pens as)
115
PRETÉRITO - PAST querer
quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron
116
PRETÉRITO - PAST haber
hube hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron
117
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: aburrir vs aburrirse
**aburrir** - to bore **aburrirse** - to be bored
118
Present Subjunctive -guir Example: seguir (e:i)
gu changes to g before a siga sigas siga sigamos sigáis sigan
119
POR vs PARA To express cause or reason
POR Model: **El hombre murió por falta de agua** (The man died for lack of water)
120
500 600 700 800 900
quinientos seiscientos setecientos ochocientos novecientos (NB: end in -as when used with feminine nouns)
120
FUTURO - Future **salir**
saldré saldrás saldrá saldremos saldréis saldrán **salir - (stem changing salir -\> saldr)**
121
Indicative Mood vs Subjunctive Mood
Indicative Mood - certainty and objectivity Subjunctive Mood - uncertainty and subjectivity
123
Phrase:In what profesion / area do you work?
¿A qué te dedicas?
124
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por medio de**
by means of
125
When is a verb reflexive?
A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same. **I wash myself.** subject: I / verb: wash / object: myself Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive. **I wash the car.** subject: I / verb: wash / object: car Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
126
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions percent
por ciento
128
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions for now
por ahora
129
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions consequently
por lo tanto
130
POR vs PARA When followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use ??? + infinitive
POR Model: **La cena está por cocinar** (Dinner has yet to be cooked)
131
seguir **yo .....**
(to follow) **sigo**
133
POR vs PARA For multiplication and division
POR Model: Dos por dos son cuatro (Two times two equals four)
134
Reflexive pronouns when there are two verbs (\*\*\* 2 variants \*\*\*)
I want to see myself **Me quiero ver** **Quiero verme** John needs to wash his hair **Juan se necesita lavar el pelo** **Juan necesita lavarse el pelo**
134
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions nowhere
por ningún lado
135
Present Subjunctive -ar and -er stem-changing verbs Pensar
Conjugate just like regular subjunctives (using "yo" form of the indicative) except the stem change does not occur in the nosotros/vosotros forms: **piense** **pienses** **piense** **pensemos** **penséis** **piensen**
136
POR vs PARA To express an undetermined or general time, meaning "during"
POR Model: **Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche** (One can see the stars during the night)
138
hacer **yo .....**
(to do, to make) hago
139
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions at least
por lo menos
141
Name typical stem changing verbs o:ue example: mover **muevo movemos** **mueves movéis** **mueve mueven**
**almorzar** - to eat lunch **morir** - to die **aprobar** - to approve **mostrar** - to show **colgar** - to hang **mover** - to move **contar** - to count **costar** - to cost **encontrar** - to find **tostar** - to toast **resolver** - to solve **dormir** - to sleep **rogar** - to beg, pray **volar** - to fly **envolver** - to wrap **morder** - to bite **sonar** - to sound, ring **recordar** - to remember **probar** - to prove, test, sample. taste **volver** - to return (from someplace) **devolver** - to return (an object) **soñar (con)** - to dream (about)
143
Possessive pronouns Her book (el libro) Her pen (la pluma) Their pens (las plumas)
El suyo La suya Las suyas
144
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions for the love of God
por amor de Dios
145
Pretérito perfecto Irregular participles
ver - visto volver - vuelto escribir - escrito hacer - hecho descubrir - descubierto abrir - abierto poner - puesto decir - dicho
146
salir **yo .....**
(to leave) **salgo**
148
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions as for me
por mi parte
149
FUTURO - FUTURE saber
sabré sabrás sabrá sabremos sabréis sabrán Saber - Stem changing saber -\> sabr
150
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por fin
finally
151
POR vs PARA To express a contrast from what is expected
PARA Model: Para un niño lee muy bien(For a child, he reads very well)
152
PRETÉRITO - PAST **andar**
anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron Andar - Stem changing and -\> anduv
153
Vivir | (Present Subjunctive)
viva vivas viva vivamos viváis vivan
155
POR vs PARA To indicate a recipient
PARA Model: Este regalo es para ti (This gift is for you)
156
When ordinal numbers come after the noun
If the noun they refer to is royalty, a pope, or a street, they come after the noun. Carlos Quinto("Quinto" comes after "Carlos" - royalty) el quinto libro("quinto" comes before "libro") la Calle Sexta("sexta" comes after "calle" - street) la sexta pluma("sexta" comes before "pluma")
157
caber **yo .......**
(to fit) **quepo**
159
What are the six special prepositions that are followed by subject pronouns rather than object pronouns.
**entre** between **excepto** except **incluso** including **menos** except **según** according to **salvo** except Examples: **Entre tú y yo, esta comida es horrible.** **Todos beben agua, incluso yo.** **Según tú, la chica es bonita.**
160
Phrase **¡qué alegría!**
How nice/what joy ## Footnote
161
FUTURO - FUTURE mirar
miraré mirarás mirará miraremos miraréis mirarán
163
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por ahora**
for now
164
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por todos lados
on all sides
165
POR vs PARA To express a length of time
POR Model: Yo estudié por dos horas (I studied for two hours)
166
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por ciento**
percent
167
PRETÉRITO - PAST pedir
pedí pediste pidío pedimos pedisteis pidieron Pedir - Note stem changing in 3rd person singular & plural forms
169
POR vs PARA To express a deadline or specific time
PARA Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes (I need the dress by Monday)
170
Conjugation of preterite: Verbs that end in -gar
Change g to gu (in Yo form only) **yo jugué** (jugar)
172
IR A + INFINITIVE ACABAR A + INFINITIVE
to be going to do something to have just done something
173
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: poner vs ponerse
**poner** - to put **ponerse** - to put on
174
Conjugation of preterite: Verbs that end in -zar
Change z to c (in Yo form only) yo almorcé
174
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions unfortunately
por desgracia
175
Verbs that act in the same way as gustar
**aburrir** to bore **fascinar** to be fascinating to **bastar** to be sufficient **importar** to be important to **caer bien (mal)** to (not) suit **interesar** to be interesting to **dar asco** to be loathsome **molestar** to be a bother **disgustar** to hate something **parecer** to appear to be **doler** (o:ue) to be painful **picar** to itch **encantar** to "love" something **quedar** to be left over, remain **faltar** to be lacking something **volver** (o:ue) loco to be crazy about
176
Phrase: Total
Use to open summary of what said **Total, que he llegado al trabajo**
177
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions for first time
por primera vez
178
Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect Poder
*Preterite* - succeeded in **María pudo levantar la mesa.** Maria succeeded in lifting the table.(completed action) *Imperfect* - was able **Juan podía participar en la manifestación**. Juan was able to participate in the demonstration.(no definite beginning or end)
180
Comparatives - referring to age
Use the irregular forms mayor and menor. **Juan es menor que María. ** Juan is younger than Maria. **María es la mayor de la familia. ** Maria is the oldest of the family.
181
PRETÉRITO - PAST poner
puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron
183
PRESENT PARTICIPLE - ar - er - ir
ar -\> ando(hablando, trabajando, estudiando) er -\> iendo(comiendo, haciendo) ir-\>iendo(viviendo, escribiendo)
184
FUTURO - FUTURE ver
veré verás verá veremos veréis verán
185
Possessive Pronouns
mine **el mío / la mía / los míos / las mías** yours (familiar) **el tuyo / la tuya / los tuyos / las tuyas** yours (formal), his, hers **el suyo / la suya / los suyos / las suyas** ours **el nuestro / la nuestra / los nuestros / las nuestras** yours (familiar) **el vuestro / la vuestra / los vuestros / las vuestras** yours (formal), theirs **el suyo / la suya / los suyos / las suyas**
187
Verbs always used reflexively
**arrepentirse** (e:ie) - to repent **atreverse a** - to dare **darse cuenta de** - to realize **jactarse de** - to boast **quejarse de** - to complain about **suicidarse** - to commit suicide
188
POR vs PARA **estar ????** to express an action that will soon be completed
PARA Model: **El tren está para salir** (The train is about to leave)
189
Present Subjunctive **-ger** or **-gir** verbs Example: **escoger**
**g** changes to **j** before **a** (present subjunctive) **escoger** escoja escojas escoja escojamos escojáis escojan
191
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions apparently
por lo visto
192
Ir (Imperfect)
iba ibas iba ibamos ibais iban
193
Ordinal numbers - 1st and 3rd
**Primer(o/a)** **Tercer(o/a)** Become **primer** and **tercer** in front of a masculine noun.
195
Time Expressions with "hacer" Negative(\*\*\* 2 variants \*\*\*)
*Hace + time + que + no + present tense form of the verb* **Hace un año que no estudio español. ** I haven't studied Spanish for a year. **Hace dos años que ellas no estudian inglés. ** They haven't studied English for two years. or *No + present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time* **No estudio español desde hace un año. ** I haven't studied Spanish for a year. **Ellas no estudian inglés desde hace dos años. ** They haven't studied English for two years.
196
conducir **yo .....**
(to drive) conduzco
197
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: acostar vs acostarse
**acostar** - to put to bed **acostarse** - to go to bed
199
TENER (past - pretérito)
tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron
200
What to do when you have a direct object pronoun as (lo, la, los, las) and an indirect object pronoun as (le, les)
Change the indirect object pronoun to se se lo se la se los se las
201
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por otra parte
on the other hand
202
SER (past - pretérito)
fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
203
Comparative (inequality) Negative and not followed by number
no ..... **más/menos** + adjective/adverb/noun + **que**
204
Imperfect tense regular -er and -ir
- ía - ías - ía - íamos - íais - ían comía, comías, comía, comíamos, comíais, comían vivía, vivías, vivía, vivíamos, vivíais, vivían
204
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions of course
por supuesto
205
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions in advance
por adelantado
206
Noun endings indicating femininity
Nouns that end in: **-sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre** are feminine.
206
JUGAR | (past - pretérito)
jugué jugaste jugó jugamos jugasteis jugaron
207
Formula for comparisons of equality when actions (not things) are being compared, and there is an adjective
*verb + tan + adjective (masculine form) + como* **Aquí se trabaja tan duro como ahí**.(work as hard as) **El niño juega tan poco como la niña**.(plays as little as) **Ellos duermen tan poco como ella**.(sleep as little as)
209
DECIR | (past - pretérito)
dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijieron
210
Conjugation of preterite: Verbs that end in **-aer, -eer, -oír, -oer**
Change **ió** to **yó** in él/ella/usted form Change **ieron** to **yeron** in ellos/ellas/ustedes form The remaining forms gain a written accent over the letter "i" Exceptions: **traer, atraer, distraer**
211
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions by means of
por medio de
213
Non-comparative descriptions of age.
**El niño es joven.** The boy is young. **El abuelo es viejo. ** The grandfather is old.
215
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions **por dentro**
inside
216
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions everywhere
por todas partes
217
PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Orthographic) Changing spelling of word for some present particples so it agrees with the way it is pronounced
**caer** -\> cayendo **creer** -\> creyendo **huir** -\> huyendo **ir** -\> yendo **influir** -\> influyendo **oir** -\> oyendo **traer** -\> trayendo **leer** -\> leyendo **seguir** -\> siguiendo
218
Good / Better / Best
Adjective: **bueno** (good) Comparative: **mejor** (better) Superlative: **el/la mejor** (best)
219
FUTURO - FUTURE haber
habré habrás habrá habremos habréis habrán Haber - Stem changing haber -\> habr
220
Feliz vs Contentar
Feliz suggests ultimate happy place, contentar is more appropriate for most uses estoy contento
221
POR vs PARA to show the use or purpose of a thing
PARA Model: El vaso es para agua (The glass is for water)
223
Uses of ESTAR
geographic or physical location state or condition many idiomatic expressions progressive tenses(result of an action)
224
VER (Past - pretérito)
Vi Viste Vio Vimos Visteis Vieron
225
Ser (Imperfect)
era eras era éramos erais eran
226
Conjugation of preterite: Verbs that end in -car
Change c to qu (in Yo form only) yo busqué (buscar)
227
PEDIR vs PREGUNTAR
pedir: to ask (for an object or a service) preguntar: to ask (a question, request information)
228
When referring to the concepts "less" or "greater"
Use the irregular forms mayor and menor. **El agua es de mayor importancia que la comida. ** Water is more important than food. **La comida es de menor importancia que el agua. ** Food is less important than water.
229
Present Subjunctive Volver
vuelva vuelvas vuelva volvamos volváis vuelvan
231
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: probar vs probarse
**probar** - to try, to taste **probarse** - to try on
232
Present Subjunctive -ir stem-changing verbs
Conjugate just like regular subjunctives (using "yo" form of the indicative) except the stem change in the nosotros/vosotros forms follows these patterns: **o:ue** verbs change **o** to **u** **e:ie** verbs change **e** to **i** **i:e** verbs change **e** to **i**
233
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions finally (2)
por fin por último
234
VENIR (Past - pretérito)
vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron
235
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions generally
por lo general
236
Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect No querer
**Preterite - refused** María no quiso comprar la casa. Maria refused to buy the house.(completed action) **Imperfect - did not want** Juan no quería comprar la casa. Juan did not want to buy the house.(no definite beginning or end)
237
Formula for comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverb
tan + adjective (adverb) + como **El libro es tan bueno como la película. ** (The book is as good as the movie.) **El chico es tan alto como la chica. ** (The boy is as tall as the girl.)
238
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: **parecer** vs **parecerse a**
**parecer** - to seem **parecerse a** - to resemble
239
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: negar vs negarse a
**negar** - to deny **negarse a** - to refuse
240
Phrase **Eso me suena**
That sounds familiar
241
Definite article Countries
The definite article is used with some countries and cities, and is not used with others. Here are some examples where it is used: la Argentina el Brasil el Canadá el Ecuador la Florida la Habana la India el Japón el Paraguay el Perú el Salvador el Uruguay
242
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions completely
por completo
243
¿Por qué....? ¿Para qué....?
For what reason.... For what purpose....
244
Possessive pronouns after the verb ser
Drop the definite article: **El carro grande es mío. ** The big car is mine. **El carro pequeño es suyo.** The small car is hers.
245
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por allí
around there, that way
246
TRAER (past - pretérito)
traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajisteis trajeron
248
I can not wait for ....
Qué ganas tengo de ..... Por ejemplo: Qué ganas tengo de ir de vacaciones
249
STEM CHANGING VERBS: e:ie example: **mentir** **miento mentimos** **mientes mentis** **miente mienten**
**acertar** - to guess, get right **encender** - to light, kindle **advertir** - to advise, warn **entender** - to understand **cerrar** - to close, shut **fregar** - to scrub, wash dishes **comenzar** - to begin **hervir** - to boil **confesar** - to confess **mentir** - to lie **consentir** - to consent **negar** - to deny **convertir** - to convert **pensar (en)** - to think about **defender** - to defend **perder** - to lose **empezar** - to begin **preferir** - to prefer
250
Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect Tener
**Preterite** - received **María tuvo una carta de su mamá. ** Maria received a letter from her mom.(completed action) **Imperfect** - used to have **Juan tenía un coche nuevo. ** Juan used to have a new car.(no definite beginning or end)
251
Present Subjunctive Regular -ar verbs
- e - es - e - emos - éis - en
252
Definite article Body parts, clothing or other very personal possessions.
The definite article is used when reflexive verbs are followed by body parts, clothing or other very personal possessions. María se lava la cara. Él se pone el traje.
253
POR vs PARA For means of communication or transportation
POR Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por teléfono (I prefer to travel by train and speak to telephone)
254
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por primera vez
for first time
256
To do daily shopping vs to go shopping
**hacer la compra** - do daily shopping, groceries etc. **ir de compras** - to go shopping
257
FUTURO - FUTURE **decir**
diré dirás dirá diremos diréis dirán Decir -\> irregular decir -\> dir
258
saber **yo .....**
(to know something - a fact) **sé**
259
How to open a letter
Querid(o/a): (\*\*Note use of colon\*\*) Querido Paulo:
260
conocer **yo .....**
(to know, to be acquainted with) conozco
261
Should you use 'y' for the first 9 numbers in a new hundred? (i.e. 501, 502, 503 .....)
NO Quinientos tres
262
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: **acordar** vs **acordarse de**
**acordar** - to agree **acordarse de** - to remember
263
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions por cierto
certainly
264
Present Subjunctive -uir verbs Example: huir
**add y before a** huya huyas huya huyamos huyáis huyan
265
dirigir **yo .....**
(to direct) dirijo
265
Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs: despedir vs despedirse de
**despedir** - to fire {sack} **despedirse de** - to say goodbye
267
POR vs PARA to indicate destination
PARA **El hombre salió para Madrid** (The man left for Madrid)
268
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions around here, this way
por aquí
269
Tomar vs Comer
Use **tomar** for ice creams, drinks etc. Use **comer** for full meal, at restaurant, at home etc.
270
Use of "por" in idiomatic expressions on all sides
**por todos lados**
271
Present Subjunctive Pedir
pida pidas pida pidamos pidáis pidan
273
Phrase: **Cambiando de tema**
Changing the subject
274
PRETÉRITO - PAST mover
moví moviste movió movimos movisteis movieron
275
**Quiero** vs **Querría**
I want vs I would like **Querría** is less direct and should be used when buying things in shops
276
**¿Cuánto es?** vs **¿Cuánto cuesta?**
How much is it vs how much does it cost? Ask **es** version if you are committed or/and happy to pay. Ask **cuesta** if in doubt of whether going to buy
277
How to request someone on the phone
**Ponme con** - informal **Póngame con** - formal (when asking for someone on phone in a busines)
278
Phrase: No more
**No puedo más** Can use in contexts like eating, drinking, dancing etc. Can drop verb from phrase.
279
The age you are going to be
**Cumplir** **mañana cumplo 87 años** - tomorrow I'm going to be 87.
280
Words for tips (reward for service) formal vs informal
**una propina** - tip, more formal places **un bote** - tip in small intimate places, where put into tips jar
281
**Bien** vs **Bueno**
Bien goes with verb (adverb) **Estoy bien** **Duermo bien** **Como bien** Bueno is describing word goes with noun (adjective) **un café bueno**
282
Phrase: In place of/instead of **(2)**
**En vez de ....** **En lugar de....**
283
Phrase: To tell the truth
A decir verdad
284
Phrase: By the way
A propósito
285
Phrase: No way **(3)**
De ninguna manera ¡Qué va! Ni loco
286
Phrase: Let me see
Dejame ver
287
Phrase: You don't say (tú)
No me digas
288
Phrase: Of course **(3)**
¡Cómo no! Por supuesto Claro que sí
289
Absolute superlatives 3 forms (very, extremely, indescribably)
**muy guapo** very handsome **sumamente guapo** extremely handsome **guapísimo** indescribably handsome
290
Unfortunately 2 version (1 formal, 1 standard)
**Desafortunadamente** - quite formal **Por desgracia** - alternative
291
To continue with....
**Seguir + gerundio** Me sigue gustando el café Sigo viviendo allí Sigo enfadado
292
Words for school
**Colegio** - school **instituto** - college **escuela** - not used much for school
293
To be going to do something Firm plan vs intention
**Voy a ir** - firm plan, have tickets etc. **Iré** - intention, but no firm plans
294
Que le vaya bien (Que te vaya bien)
Goodbye (literally: may it go well for you)