Spain Flashcards
Spain has three broad climatic zones:
The north and north-west coast of Spain has a________1________.
The east coast from Catalunya in the north to the Levante further south has a_________2___________.
The Meseta Central has a ___________3____________.
1= moderate maritime climate
2= warm Mediterranean climate
3=hot continental climate
Spain has three broad climate zones:
The north and north-west coast of Spain has a moderate maritime climate dominated by Atlantic weather systems. _____1_____, with its associated risk, is high.
1=Rainfall
Spain has three broad climatic zones:
The east coast from Catalunya in the north to the Levante further south has a warm Mediterranean climate.
Many of the vineyards are moderated by the influence of the ____1__ or ____2___, depending on their location. The climate becomes increasingly hot further south.
1=sea
2=altitude
The Meseta Central, a large plateau in the centre of Spain, is mostly cut off from the influence of the sea by _____1_____ and has a hot continental climate.
1= encircling mountains
(The Meseta Central, a hot continental climate)
In winter, temperatures fall _____1_______ and in the summer temperatures are very high and rainfall is very limited. However, the summer temperatures can be moderated by the ____________2_________.
1= below freezing 2= cool nights of high altitude sites
With the notable exception of the north-west Spain, ____1____and the lack of ____2____are the biggest challenges to grape growing in Spain. Although this does mean that the incidence of fungal disease is low, it places a heavy stress on the vine.
1= heat 2= water
What kind of method can be used for grape making in Spain?_____1_____, _____2__________ remain the best way of managing this situation( heat and the lack of water) by maximising the amount of the water available to each vine and shading the fruit from excessive heat.
Where it is practical and affordable wire training is slowly being introduced to facilitate machine harvesting.
1= Low density 2= bush-trained vineyards
_____1______ is Spain’s premier black grape variety. It is grown widely throughout the vineyards of northern and central Spain. It is a thick-skinned grape, sufficient warmth to develop its flavours.
1=Tempranillo
(Tempranillo in Spain)
It is a thick-skinned grape, with medium levels of acidity, and so while it needs _____1______ to develop its flavours, hot climates without a ___________2________ could cause the wine to lack the necessary acidity for an ideal balance.
It is at its best in areas where summer temperatures are moderated by the sea and/or altitude
1= sufficient warmth 2= high diurnal temperature range
(Tempranillo in Spain)
Fermented on its own, often using _______1______ maceration, it can produce a fresh _______2_____scented Joven wine, an increasingly popular early drinking style.
1= semi-carbonic
2=strawberry
______1______ is the Spanish name for Grenache. It gives a wine ____2___ in alcohol, with a tendency to mature______3_____. It is widely used for rosados. It is also important in Priorat, where low-yielding old vines enable the production of intense, complex, full-bodied reds.
1=Garnacha
2=high
3=early
________1____________ is a thick-skinned grape variety that is drought tolerant, but needs hot, sunny conditions to ripen. It is grown in south-eastern DOs such as _____2____ and ____3____, where it can easily reach full ripeness and produces very deeply coloured, full-bodied wines with high levels of tannin and alcohol, low to medium acidity and flavours of ripe blackberry fruit.
1= Monastrell( Mourvèdre)
2=Yeclaイエクラ
3=Jumillaフミーリャ
_____1_____ is a highly valued grape but challenging to grow. It is cultivated mainly in Rioja, where it is used as part of the blend in many of the finest wines. Small quantities are used to add concentrated black fruit aromas, acidity and tannins to the structure of a wine to help it age.
Graciano
_____1____ is the Spanish name for Carignan, although it is called _____2_____ in Rioja. 1 gives wines that high in acidity, tannin and colour. A small proportion of this makes an ideal blend with Tempranillo. It is also grown in Priorat, where it is blended with Garnacha to enhance the tannic structure of the wines.
1= Carinena 2= Mazuelo
The other local black grape variety that is increasingly coming to prominence is _____1____. This suits moderate climates, giving wines with fresh fruit, medium to hight acidity, and sometimes a hint of herbaceousness.
Mencia
(Spanish wine Laws)
The Spanish for PDO is Denominacion de Origen Protegida(DOP)デノミナシオンデオリヘンプロテヒーダbut a number of traditional terms are commonly used:
________1__________ - In common with all wines of this type, these should be wines of a certain minimum quality, satisfying specifications covering grape varieties, viticulture and location.
DO
Denominacion de Origen
(Spanish law)
________1________________-DOs of at least ten years standing may apply for this more prestigious category. At present they are only two _______1____: Rioja and Priorat. Priorat wines use the Catalan terminology of ________________2_________.
1= DOCa
(Denominacion de Origen Calificada)カリフィカーダ
2= DOQ
(Denominacion d’Origen Qualificada)
(Spanish Law)
_______1______ - This category applies to a small number of single estates with high reputations. Approved estates may only use their own grapes, which must be vinified and matured on their estate.
1= Vinos de Pago( VP)
ビノデパゴ
パゴ=畑
(Spanish Law, PGI wines)
The traditional term _____________1___________ is commonly used.
1= Vino de la Tierra(VdlT)
ビノデラティエラ
The wine laws of Spain not only offer a hierarchy of PDO and PGI wines but also define the following age categories for its wine.
List the four categories.
Joven
Crianzaクリアンサ
Reserva
Gran Reserva
(Red wines) Joven Crianzaクリアンサ Reserva Gran Reserva
Minimum total ageing( months )
0
24
36
60
(Red wines) Joven Crianza Reserva Gran Reserva
Minimum time spent in barrel( months)
0
6
12
18
(White and Rose wines) Minimum total ageing ( months) Joven Crianza Reserva Gran Reserva
0
18
24
48
(White and Rose wines) Minimum time spent in barrel ( months) Joven Crianza Reserva Gran Reserva
0
6
6
6
______1______ is a white grape variety that is highly susceptible to oxidation and was used to make Sherry-like wines. With protective winemaking it can be made in a light-bodied, high-acid, melon and peach flavoured style similar in style to Sauvignon Blanc, with which it is often blended.
Verdejo
_____1_____ is grown in the north-west of Spain and has become a particularly fashionable grape variety. It is thick-skinned and thus able to resist fungal disease, which is useful in the damp climate in which it is grown. 1 is naturally high in acidity.
Albariño
____1____ is the most widely planted grape variety in Spain and the vast majority of this is planted in La Mancha in central Spain, as it is one of the few varieties that is able to cope with the extreme heat and drought conditions of the Meseta Central.
( used in the production of Brandy de Jerez)
Airen
Parellada, Xare-Lo and Macabeo are widely planted in Catalunya and are the main varieties used in ____1____ production. Of these, Macabeo, which is also known as ____2____ in Rioja, is also often used for still wine production. It can be made in an unoaked style with subtle herb and spice aromas. Traditionally it was the mainstay of heavily oaked white Riojas.
1= Cava 2= Viura
In some parts of Spain the traditional local varieties have shown limited potential for quality wines, and better wines can be made more easily from varieties such as _______\_____\________and _____. These and other international varieties are now established and widespread, especially in the north-east.
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Sauvignon Blanc
Chardonnay
The principal DO regions of Spain may be grouped together into six geographical regions, based on climate and grape varieties.
List the six regions.
The upper Ebro Catalunya The Duero Valley The North West The Levante Castilla-La Mancha
There are a number of regions designated for the production of Vino de la Tierra: __________1_______, towards the north of the Meseta Central, is the most extensive.
Castilla y Leonカステーリャイレオン
(The upper Ebro)
List the 4 regions in the upper Ebro.
Rioja
Navarra
Carinena and Calatayud
(Catalunya)
List the 3 regions in Catalunya.
Catalunya
Penedes
Priorat
(The Duero valley)
List the 3 regions in the Duero valley.
Ribera del Duero
Toro
Rueda
(The north west)
List the 2 regions in the north west.
Rias Baixas
Bierzoビエルソ
(The Levante)
List the 3 regions.
Valencia
Jumillaイエクラ
Yeclaフミーリャ
(Castilla-La Mancha)
List the 2 regions in Castilla-La Mancha
La Mancha
Valdepenas
(The Upper Ebro-Rioja)
Plantings are dominated by black grapes. _______1_______ is the most widely planted variety and does best in the cooler western sub-regions. It is the main component of most blends giving ____2___ fruit flavours and a ____3___ level of tannins.
1= Tempranillo
2=red
3= medium
(The Upper Ebro-Rioja)
Tempranillo benefits from the body and alcohol that comes from the addition of _____1_____, which grows best in the Rioja Baja. _____2____ and _____3____ are both less widely planted and provide a supporting role in blends.
1= Garnacha
2= Mazuelo
3=Graciano
Rioja may be made in a range of different ways depending on the style the winemaker wishes to achieve. Red wines designed for early drinking may undergo _________1_______to produce wines that have _______2________ flavours and low levels of _____3_____.
1= semi-carbonic maceration 2= vibrant red fruit 3= smooth tannin
(The Upper Ebro-Rioja)
Wines designed for long-term maturation are usually destemmed and crashed and undergo a traditional fermentation. Some producers use vigorous ____________1_____ techniques and extended maceration to produce ________2______ wines, deep in colour and full of fruit flavours, but many are making more subtle, elegant styles.
1= cap management 2= heavily extracted
Oak maturation has a defining role in Rioja. Traditionally, the wines were aged in American oak, and often had pronounced aromas of _____1____. Many producers now use oak from France or other European countries for at least some of their wine, giving more subtle ____2____ aromas.
1= vanilla 2= spicy
Eight white varieties are currently approved for use in white Rioja. The most widely planted variety is _____1____. Traditionally, white wines were aged for extended periods in American oak and developed a deep golden colour and ___2___ flavours. These deliberately oxidised wines have fallen out of favour with modern consumers. Modern white Riojas are often made with minimal contact with oxygen in order to preserve the ______3_______.
1=Viura
2=nutty
3= maximum amount of fruit
(The Upper Ebro)
The vineyards of _______1_______ stretch from the Northern and eastern borders of Rioja into the foothills of the ______2______. The climate is similar to that of Rioja, but it becomes cooler and wetter nearer the mountains.
1=Navarra DO
2=Pyrenees
(The Upper Ebro- Navarra DO)
______1________ is the most widely planted variety and production is focused on red wine. Wine styles range from good value Joven wines to top quality premium Gran Reservas.
1= Tempranillo
(The Upper Ebro-Navarra)
______1_______ grapes used for rose production are picked earlier when acid levels are ____2_____ and sugar levels _____3____. They are then handled protectively to create refreshing, fruity wines with medium levels of alcohol
1=Garnacha
2=higher
3= lower
(The Upper Ebro-Navarra)
White wine production accounts for a very small proportion of the total output of the region and the wines tend to be made from ______1____.
1= Viura
(The Upper Ebro)
_____1_____and _____2______ are neighbouring DOs, located to the south of the Ebro. Overall both regions have warm continental climates and low rainfall.
1=Carinena
2= Calatayud
(The Upper Ebro- Carinena and Calatayud)
_______1______ is the main variety in both regions. High-quality wines tend to be made from old vine _____1_____ and ______2_____ and and display flavour intensity and structure.
1= Garnacha 2= Carinena
Note that the grape variety Carinena(Carignan, Mazuelo) is not the most widely planted variety in the DO with the same name.
______1______ occupies the north-east corner of Spain. The vast majority of the vineyards are concentrated in an area that lies to the south of Barcelona and comprises the ______2_____ and the ____3____ immediately to the west.
1= Catalunya
2= coastal plain
3=hills
Unlike any of the Spanish administrative regions ________1______ has a generic DO for still wines that covers the entire region. It came into existence largely to enable ____________________2________ to provide the opportunity to create significant volumes of branded wine.
1= Catalunya 2= the blending of wines from the various areas
Catalunya is also where nearly all ____1____ is made.
1= Cava
(Catalunya)
The vineyards of this large DO lie immediately to the south-west of Barcelona and stretch from the Mediterranean coast up into the hills. What’s DO?
The most planted white grapes are those used for ____1____ production
Penedes
1= Cava
(Catalunya-Penedes)
There are also significant plantings of international varieties such as __________,_________,___________,______________(here called Ull de Llebreウルデリェブレ)
Chardonnay, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo
(Catalunya)
______1____’s vineyards lie within the hills inland from the city of Tarragona. Summers are long, hot and dry, and annual rainfall is very low. This is ideal for the old _____2____ and _____3_____ vines found in the region.
1=Priorat
2=Garnacha
3=Carinena
(Catalunya-Priorat)
Garnacha and Carinena, both being late ripening grape varieties. The best soils, known locally as _____1____, consist of layers of ____2_____ with _________3______ that sparkle in the sun. They help ripening by reflecting and conserving heat and, because of their depth, they are able to retain sufficient water throughout the growing season. Cool night-time temperatures provide some relief from the heat of the day.
1= llicorellaリコレリャ 2= red slate粘板岩 3= small particles of mica
(Catalunya -Priorat)
_______1______ and ______2_____ mean that mechanisation is almost impossible. The low nutrient soils and age of the vines produce very small yields of grapes, which undoubtedly contribute to the complexity and intensity of Priorat. All these factors mean that Priorat’s wines are never cheep.
1= Bush vines 2= steep slopes
(Catalunya)
Red Priorat is usually deeply coloured with high tannins, medium to high alcohol and concentrated black fruit often accompanied by _____1____ aromas from new French oak.
1=toasty
(Catalunya-Priorat)
______1____ and ____2____ remain the core of many blends some producers add some international varieties, especially Cabernet Sauvignon.
1= Garnacha 2= Carinena
(The Duero Valley)
_________1________ is cut off from any maritime influence by a ring of mountains. It has short, hot and dry summers and very cold winters.
1=Ribera del Duero
(The Duero Valley)
The vineyards of Ribera del Duero are situated on the highest part of the Meseta Central, with some vineyards planted at over 850 metres. This altitude ensures the region experiences cool night-time temperatures throughout the year, which helps to ________1______and _____2__________ in the grapes.
1= retain acidity 2= fresh fruit flavours
(Catalunya)
Ribera del Duero is a DO for _____1___ and ____2___ wine only, although the vast majority of production is 1. ______3_____ is the dominant grape.
1=red
2=rose
3= Tempranillo
(The Duero Valley)
_____1______ has a similar climate to its neighbour Ribera del Duero. Predominately made from _____2______, the reds are full-bodied with intense fruit flavours and high alcohol.
1= Toro DO
2=Tempranillo
(The Duero valley)
Situated in-between Toro and Rubera del Duero, _____1_____differs from those other two DOs as it focuses on white wine production.
1= Rueda
(The Duero Valley-Rueda)
The region’s continental climate, with cool summer nights, is ideal for Rueda’s traditional grape variety, _____1______. _____2_______ is the other important variety in this region.
1= Verdejo 2= Sauvignon Blanc
(The Duero Valley-Rueda)
Blended whites must contain at least ____1____ percent _____2____.
1=50
2= Verdejo
(The North West)
Due to the Atlantic influence, the north-west of Spain is cooler and wetter than the rest of Spain and as a result this is the home of many of Spain’s best white wines. The most celebrated of them all are the ______1_____ wines from __________2_________.
1= Albariño 2= Rias Baixas DO
(The North West)
Situated on the Atlantic coast, Rias Baixas has a moderate, damp climate. The humid conditions mean that vine diseases such as mildew and rot are a common problem. For this reason, vines are trained _________1______ to encourage air circulation.
1= on pergolas
(The North West-Rias Baixas)
Most Albariño is made in a refreshing ____1____ style taking advantage of the grape’s naturally high acidity and ripe ____2____ fruit flavours.
1= unoaked 2= stone
(The North West)
What’s this predominantly red wine DO?
The key grape variety here is ____1____, which can produce elegant red wines with naturally high acidity and red fruit aromas.
Bierzo
1= Mencia
What is the grape variety in the Levante( Valencia, Jumilla and Yecla)
Jumilla and Yecla have hot, arid climates, perfect for this dominant local grape variety.
Monastrell
(Castilla-La Mancha)
_____1____is the largest DO in Spain. The most widely planted grape variety is ____2___, which is used to produce neutral, fresh white wines. Plantings of this variety are, however, in decline as the authorities have encouraged producers to plant _____3_______, known locally as Cencibel.
1= La Mancha
2=Airen
3= Tempranillo
(Castilla-La Mancha)
La Mancha is now an excellent source of inexpensive well-made reds and white for the export market. La Mancha was also where the trend for top-quality ____1____ wines began and it is still the home of the majority of the estates that have been awarded the appellation ______2_________.
1= pagos 2= Vinos de Pago
(Castilla-La Mancha)
This DO lies immediately to the south of La Mancha. It has built a reputation for quality that exceeds its larger neighbour. What’s the DO?
Valdepenas
バルデペーニャス
Castilla-La Mancha
Valdepenas DO
As in La Mancha, ____1____ is the most widely planted grape but here too _______2_______(_____3_____) is the main grape variety for red wines.
1=Airen
2=Tempranillo
3=Cencibel
(The Upper Ebro)
What are the 3 principal black grape variety and one other black and one other white grape varieties?
Tempranillo
Garnacha
Graciano
Mazuelo
Viura
(Catalunya)
What are the 5 principal black varieties and 1 principal white?
Garanacha Carinena Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Tempranillo
Chardonnay
( The Duero Valley)
What is the one principal black grape varieties and the two principal white grape varieties?
Tempranillo
Verdejo
Sauvignon Blanc
(The North West)
What is the one principal white grape variety and one other black grape variety?
Albariño
Mencia
The Levante
What is the one other black variety?
Monastrell
Castilla-La Mancha
What is the one other white and one other black variety?
Airen
Tempranillo
Tempranillo
It is a _____ -skinned grape, with _____ levels of acidity. It can produce a fresh ________ scented Jove wine, an increasingly popular early drinking style.
thick
medium
strawberry
Garnacha
It gives a wine ____1___ in alcohol, with a tendency to mature ____2___. It is also important in Priorat, where low-yielding old vines enable the production of intense, complex, ____3___- bodied reds.
1= high 2= early 3= full
Monastrell
It produces very deeply coloured, ____1__-bodied wines with ____2___ levels of tannin and alcohol, ____3__ to ___4___ acidity and flavours of ripe ____5___ fruit.
1= full 2=high 3= low 4= medium 5= blackberry
Mazuelo
____1____ in acidity, tannin and colour
1= high
Mencia(black grape)
_______ to _____ acidity, and sometimes a hint of _____________.
medium, high
herbaceousness
Verdejo( white grape)
It can be made in a ____1___-bodied, ____2__- acid, ____3___ and ____4____ flavoured style similar in style to Sauvignon Blanc.
1= light 2= high 3= melon 4= peach
Albariño (white)
It’s naturally ___1___in acidity and can produce refreshing wines with ____2___ and ___3___ fruit flavours. It too can be made in a richer, fuller-bodied style.
1= high
2=citrus
3= stone
Viura(white)
It can be made in an unoaked style with subtle _______ and ______ aromas.
herb, spice
