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Social work > SOWK4205 > Flashcards

SOWK4205 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 macro fields’ fundamental areas?

A
  1. Locality development
  2. Social action
  3. Social Planning: Policy and evaluation, management
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2
Q

Oppression’s definition

A

the process by which groups or individuals with ascribed or achieved power unjustly limit the lives, experience,s or opportunities of groups of people with less power

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3
Q

What does the oppressive relation involve?

A
  • dividing people into dominant or subordinate groups
  • systematic devaluation of the attributes
  • cannot be understood as only unjust treatment, as it shifts the focus onto the interpersonal level
  • Individuals are involved in this relations
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4
Q

Domination definition:

A

the means to enforce exploitation towards the end of attaining and maintaining privileged conditions of living for certain social groups relative to some other groups.

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5
Q

The environment of oppressive relations

A
  • socially constructed in the social arena in the forms of interactions
  • can happen in individual and collective domains
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6
Q

Five faces of oppression

A

Exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, culture imperialism, violence

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7
Q

Exploitation as a face of oppression

A
  • the transfer of the results of the labor of one social group to benefit another.
  • Structural relation that is produced and maintained
  • Dominant groups can accumulate and maintain status, power, and assets from the energy and labor of the subordinated group.
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8
Q

Marginalization as a face of oppression

A
  • A social group is expelled from useful participation in social life, or to exercise capacities in socially defined ways
  • Material deprivation.
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9
Q

Powerlessness as a face of oppression

A
  • Professionals vs non-professional workers.
  • The powerless lack the power to make decisions but must take orders, and are inhibited in the development of their capacities and exposed to disrespectful treatment of their status.
  • The social division of labor provides a plausible explanation
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10
Q

Cultural imperialism as a face of oppression

A
  • Dominant groups universalize their experience and culture, use them as the norm and reinforce it through institutions.
  • ‘us’ and ‘them’: the knowledge produced about “the others” was steeped in misinformation and often included for to justify the so-called natural inferiority of oppressed groups
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11
Q

Violence as a face of oppression

A

Physical attacks, harassment, ridicule, or intimidation, which aimed at stigmatization.

Causes direct victimization and the constant fear that violence is solely based on one’s group identity.

Structural violence: When it is tolerated, and accepted by the subrdinate
group.

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12
Q

Oppressive social work

A
  • The ‘deserving poor’
  • The service users that appear in front of us the most are usually the people that is the most fitting to the image or definition we have for the ‘needy’
  • Workers are reproducing oppressive relations
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13
Q

Power dynamic

A
  • it is dynamic rather than fixed
  • a type of recognition under the structure
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14
Q

Definition of Social Exclusion

A

The process by which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full participation in the society in which they live.

Emphasis on multiple deprivation

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15
Q

Characteristics of the social excluded

A
  • he or she is geographically resident in a society,
  • he or she cannot participate in the normal activities of citizens in that society, and
  • he or she would like to participate but is prevented from doing so by factors beyond his or her control”
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16
Q

4 emphasis on social exclusion

A

Identity, humanity, values, experiences

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17
Q

Identity as an emphasis of social exclusion

A

The extent to which the person can identify him or herself with the aims and processes of the wider society

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18
Q

Humanity as an emphasis of social exclusion

A

the degree to which the person can live a full and productive life

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19
Q

Values as an emphasis of social exclusion

A

The degree to which individuals or groups can achieve their rights as citizens, and the value placed on humans that underlie this

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20
Q

Experiences as emphasis of social exclusion

A

The extent to which their life is seen as positive or detached from a sense of community

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21
Q

How can social exclusion affects the person’s self-identity formation?

A
  • The ‘self’ identity is a collaborative product
  • Social exclusion limits access to identity symbolic materials
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22
Q

Principles of Equality

A
  1. Equal Worth
  2. Complex equality
  3. Equality of opportunity
  4. Equality of outcome
  5. Equity
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23
Q

Equal worth

A

equality of status, drawing on recognition and respect, addresses social relationships

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24
Q

Equality of opportunity

A

the idea that social divisions such as those of ‘race’ or ethnicity, gender, disability, and sexual orientation should not affect an individual’s opportunity to succeed.

Often associated with anti-discrimination policies

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25
Q

Equality of outcome

A

Everyone ended up with the same level of resources

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26
Q

Equity

A

The best way of achieving a more equal set of outcomes is not necessarily by treating everyone the same

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27
Q

3 discourses of social exclusion

A
  • RED: Redistributive discourse
  • SID: Social Integrationist discourse
  • MUD: Moral underclass discourse
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28
Q

Redistributive Discourse

A
  • Relative deprivation
  • Poverty is the principal cause of social exclusion
  • Measures: Economic redistributive measures –> increase income and access to resources
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29
Q

Social integrationist discourse

A
  • unemployment
  • people are excluded because the do not fit the social norm to be employed
  • Measures: Change people’s attitudes and culture to develop a ‘work ready’
  • view poverty alleviation in the context of the ‘achievement model of income determination‘ (Individual)
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30
Q

Moral underclass discourse

A
  • the moral and cultural delinquency of poverty position and reinforce the individual in poverty
  • Measures: education to reform the individuals
  • target marginalized groups
  • view poverty alleviation in the context of the ‘achievement model of income determination‘ (Individual’
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31
Q

Scholar about MUD

A
  • Eztoni (1995): nuclear family + welfare should be provided as little as possible
  • Field (1990): Interpersonal level is as important as state intervention
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32
Q

Definition of citizenship

A

the social inclusion that involves participation and involvement in society, to the extent of citizens

33
Q

Citizenship rights

A
  • the ability to participate in citizenship
  • It is dependent on the equality of value placed on humans
34
Q

The link between diversity and disadvantage

A
  • failure of systems inhibits them from achieving their potential.
  • Prejudice and stigma affect their life opportunities
  • sense of identity and low self-esteem as results
35
Q

Social citizenship (Marshall, 1950)

A
  • Social Rights: receptors of services that respond to their needs
  • Civil Rights- involve the use of power with the potential to create political organizational forms, including groups, associations, and movements
36
Q

3 elements of citizenship rights

A
  1. Collective: The obligations are collective, and service provisions are individual
  2. Universal, not residual
  3. Assumed passive: The state is the active carer, and the recipient is the passive
37
Q

4 fours of civic republican (Lister, 1997)

A
  1. Moral attitudes and behaviors: Private welfare
  2. Rights of service recipients:
    quality evaluation
  3. Power balance between the ‘professional’ and the ‘user’: user decide what is suitable
  4. Local collective actions: fulfill potentials
38
Q

Productivist welfare regime

A

Social policy is strictly subordinate to the overriding policy objective of economic growth.

39
Q

Neo-conservative

A
  • Individuals’ adherence to traditional and conventional values, rules and norms
  • Social problems take place when people do not fulfill their obligations
  • Undeserving poor: People not fulfilling their obligations do not deserve for government’s help
40
Q

Neo-liberalism

A
  • People are naturally moral and rational
  • Market is the best mechanism in income distribution
  • retrenchment of state role
  • Focus on equality of opportunity
  • Emphasizing individual responsibilities and family roles
41
Q

Structural functionalism

A
  • Society is a system made up of several interrelated elements, each performing a function that contributes to the operation of the whole
  • Social structures function to integrate and regulate individual
42
Q

3 forms of solidarity under structural-functionalism

A

Mechanical, organic, anomie

43
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A
  • Identified in traditional forms of community
  • characterized by a simple division of labor
  • strong collective culture organized around shared norms and values
  • Morally coercive collective conscience
44
Q

Organic solidarity

A
  • characterized by complex social division of labor
  • gives rise to a culture of individualism
  • binds individuals through social relations of (inter)dependency
  • weak collective conscience
45
Q

Anomie solidarity

A
  • the condition of insufficient moral regulation
  • breakdown in normative rules
  • occurs during periods of sudden and rapid social change
  • disorientating and destabilizing for the individual, the individual feels isolated and excluded from the society
46
Q

Marxism

A
  • Society is a competition for limited resources, consisting of individuals competing for social, economic, and political resources.
  • Power differentials are in every group
  • Materialist view
  • Ideology is used to legitimize the dominance of the ruling class
47
Q

Base and Superstructure

A
  • Base: economic foundations of society

In capitalist society:
- the cultural function conceals the social causes of people’s exploitation and oppression
- all social groups are dominated by ideals and values, even if it benefits some groups more than others, then this benefit is nothing more than a consequence

48
Q

Radical social work inspired by marxism

A

social work has failed to acknowledge sufficiently the ‘position of the oppressed in the context of the social and economic structures they live in
–> places emphasis on the social-structural causes of service users’ problems

focuses on systemic change and activism against oppression

49
Q

Social work under the Marx’s lens

A
  • social work is a self-defeating role: empowering while integrating the user back into the capitalist system
50
Q

Feminist social work practice

A

1) analyses women’s experience of the world
2)focuses on the link between women’s positions in society and their situations
3) create an egalitarian client-worker relationship to tackle structural issues.

51
Q

Post-modern lens on women’s oppression

A
  • How does symbolic interaction shape the way women act
  • How does subjectivity is shaped under oppression
52
Q

Definition of internalization

A

a process where people believe social values and information that society communicates to them about their group, and make it part of their self-image

53
Q

Internalized oppression process

A
  • A person believes that the stereotypes and misinformation that they hear are true about themselves.
  • They holds themselves back from living life to their full potential or they acts in ways that reinforce the stereotypes and are ultimately self-defeating.
  • They turn the oppression on one another
54
Q

First Wave Feminism

A

Mid 19th and early 20th century throughout the western world
Equal opportunities for women and men, particularly on education, suffrage, legal rights.

55
Q

Second Wave of Feminism

A
  • Began in the 1960s and continued into the 1990s.
  • The liberal feminist movement and radical feminist movement.
  • Broader critiques of patriarchy, capitalism, normative heterosexuality, and gendered division of labour
  • Drew in the women of colour and developing nations, seeking sisterhood and solidarity, and class struggle.
56
Q

Third Wave of feminism

A

After 1990s

Focus on sexuality of women, racism, with emerging postmodern feminism, the feminists question,

reclaim and redefine the ideas and media that have transmitted ideas about womanhood, gender, beauty, sexuality, femininity

57
Q

Four Wave of feminism

A
  • Continuously focus on intersectionality
    Criticises “white feminism” which ignores the unique struggles of women of colour, and exposes how the non-white feminists and ideas have been suppressed continuously.
  • Transgender
58
Q

The personal is political

A
  • within the social arena/ economic arena, women have to rely on men (this power imbalance is unnatural, and this imbalance is embedded into our ways of seeing men and women)
  • This is internalized by oppressed group, and reinforced by both the oppressive group and the oppressed group
59
Q

Liberal feminism

A

Focus: sameness

Principle: women and men are born equal.
It asserted the women’s ability and right to participate in public sphere

Policy orientation:, Equal opportunities, Examination of marriage institution, legal practices of divorce and property law, quality education as men

End of treatment of women as dependent individual on their husband or fathers legally

60
Q

Socialist Feminism

A

Focus: Structural inequalities.
- The unpaid labour of women could facilitate the labour reproduction and minimise the costs.
- Women as reserve labour are exploited

Dual system approach:
Capitalism and patriarchy as distinct but interlocking system shaping women’s position
Women are devalued in the economic system because their work has traditionally focused on domestic work

Policy: structural changes

61
Q

Radical Feminism

A

Distinctiveness: women and men are fundamentally different and opposing

Central Concern: women have been subjugated by men via an overarching patriarchal system.

Policy Stance: aiming for a society oriented towards ‘matriarchy’;
Criticisms: reliance on biological determinism, positioning the female body as the primary marker of difference and a vehicle of oppression.

62
Q

Post-structural feminism

A
  • Representation of women; social construction is the origins of gender inequality
  • Women contribute to the societal constructs of gender inequality through aspects such as body politics and the regulation of femininity.
  • Heterogeneity among women themselves
63
Q

Post-modernism & Post-structuralism

A
  • not a coherent/ singular theoretical perspective, but a critique of modernist thinking
  • Criticize totalizing theories and structures, boundaries and hierarchies that maintain and enact them.
  • Nature: Highly pluralistic and diverse
64
Q

Discourse and Power

A
  • the ways people can think about and communicate ideas and concepts to one another.
  • Exerts power over people by making people think what they are referring to are real things.
  • The same discourse in different contexts could be oppressive and limiting
  • Foucault: Deconstruct the dominant forms of discourse such as scientific forms of knowledge and the rationality of human being
65
Q

Definition of Governmentality

A

The process of constructing, controlling and coercing the minds and bodies of the people by the state through the uses of powerful discourse.

66
Q

Knowledge and Power

A
  • Both are constitutive and inseparable
  • The process of normalization shapes people’s understanding of what is real and normal.
  • Oppressive power dynamics are reproduced by professionals who understand service users’ issues through mainstream labels, while overlooking the clients’ abundant local knowledge.
67
Q

Two responses that come with discourse saturation

A
  1. find new ways to cope with the discourse, especially things that will fit in the discourse, or that have not been excluded by the discourse
  2. Hideaway: the service users feel shameful, and indifferent about their life and will have a lack of social circle
68
Q

Post-structuralism

A

Focus: subjective struggle and variables in structure experience

The structure is the product of human culture and norms: Humans make the system, and culture can change the system

69
Q

Post-modernism

A
  • skepticism toward meta-narratives
  • Emphasizes disjointed narratives and experiences
70
Q

6 Main themes of post-structuralist thought

A
  1. A critique of logocentrism
  2. Dichotomous thinking
  3. The idea of difference
  4. Deconstruction
  5. Multiple discourses
  6. Situated subjectivity
71
Q

Criticism of individualised social work

A
  • Individuals were discouraged from identifying the structural causes of their problems (Mendes)
  • Casework was held to preserve the class structure of an oppressive and unequal capitalist society
72
Q

Critical Social Work values

A
  1. a recognition that large-scale social processes contribute to social issues
  2. adoption of self-reflexive stance
  3. Co-participatory
  4. Working with and for oppressed populations
73
Q

5 principles shared by contemporary critical approaches to SW

A
  1. A commitment to work towards greater social justice and equality for those who are oppressed and marginalized
  2. A commitment to work alongside the oppressed and marginalized populations.
  3. A commitment to question dominant assumptions and beliefs.
  4. An analysis of power relations that serve to marginalize and oppress particular populations in society.
  5. An orientation towards emancipatory personal and social change.
74
Q

Assumptions of critical social theory

A
  • Domination is created structurally but experienced personally
  • False consciousness means that people accept rather than challenge structural inequalities
  • Fatalism should be rejected because even those who seem powerless have the capacity to facilitate personal and social change
75
Q

2 Themes of Critical Perspective:

A
  1. The structural basis of personal and social problems,
  2. The need to work at both the personal and political levels to challenge oppressive and inequitable structures
76
Q

The two-fold goal of structural social work

A

(1) to alleviate the negative effect on people of an exploitative and alienating social order;

(2) to transform the conditions and social structures that cause these negative effects: focus on policy change

77
Q

The process for the goal of structural social work

A

immediate relief or tension reduction on one level accompanied by longer-term institutional and structural change.

78
Q
A

Social work (10 decks)

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