Southern African Kingdoms

Question 1

1000yrs ago, how were African societies organised?

Answer 1

hierarchical

Question 2

What were important resources 1000 yrs ago?

Answer 2

cattle & land

Question 3

Who was the head of the household in african societies?

Answer 3

men, they made all the decisions

Question 4

The economy started to change, from farming to trading what goods?

Answer 4

e.g. cattle, ivory, gold

Question 5

Who in society had more power?

Answer 5

men who owned the most cattle and land

Question 6

What was the result of population growth?

Answer 6

people spread out over bigger ares and organised into bigger groups.

Question 7

What did the groups sometimes fight over?

Answer 7

resources like land

Question 8

How did the groups become organised for protection?

Answer 8

Powerful leaders and chiefs built up armies and made weapons

Question 9

Where did the people believe the king’s power came from?

Answer 9

God

Question 10

How did they believe the power was passed on?

Answer 10

to the family, eg kings eldest son became next king

Question 11

Who controlled all economic activities?

Answer 11

kings and chiefs

Question 12

Examples of the economic activities are?

Answer 12

mining, farming, trading

Question 13

How did the people decide where to farm?

Answer 13

kings/chiefs decided

Question 14

What did kings/chiefs collect from the ordinary people under their control?

Answer 14

taxes and tributes

Question 15

In aprox 900AD who moved from the area now called Zimbabwe to the basin of Limpopo and Shashe rivers?

Answer 15

Zhizo farmers

Question 16

Where did they make their capital?

Answer 16

known today as Shroda farm

Question 17

What jobs did the Zhizo farmers do?

Answer 17

herded cattle, farmed grains, hunted elephants for ivory, traded

Question 18

Which merchants did they trade with?

Answer 18

Arabic, Swahili, Indian, Indonesian

Question 19

What did they trade?

Answer 19

Ivory, rhino horn, gold, iron, leopard skin

Question 20

What did they receive in turn for their trade?

Answer 20

glass beads, silk cloth, cotton, ceramics

Question 21

In aprox 1020 AD who moved north and took control of the area?

Answer 21

Kalundu people

Question 22

Where did they make their capital?

Answer 22

site now called K2 (a few kms west of Shroda

Question 23

What did archaeologists find in their excavations at K2?

Answer 23

graves, evidence of copper & iron working, ivory, glass beads

Question 24

What are ‘garden rollers’?

Answer 24

melted beads made into bigger beads

Question 25

In the next 200 yrs how did the K2 leaders become wealthy?

Answer 25

farming and trade

Question 26

Who changed the way wealth was shared in society? K2 leaders/Zhizo ppl

Answer 26

K2

Question 27

How was wealth shared in Zhizo times?

Answer 27

trade goods were widely dispersed among ppl

Question 28

What led to the beginnings of social divisions in society?

Answer 28

K2 leaders controlled trade goods and kept most imported goods for themselves

Question 29

In aprox 1220 where did the K2 population move to because they had grown too big for the area?

Answer 29

Mapungubwe Hill

Question 30

Who ruled Mapungubwe?

Answer 30

African King

Question 31

Where did the king of Mapungubwe live?

Answer 31

top of MH

Question 32

The king of Mapungubwe was a sacred king, what was he in charge of?

Answer 32

important ceremonies and rituals

Question 33

What type of rituals did they have?

Answer 33

rain-making rituals

Question 34

What was built on a rain-making site?

Answer 34

the kings palace

Question 35

Who did the king act as messenger to?

Answer 35

Mwari (God)

Question 36

Where were the Mapungubwe royals buried?

Answer 36

special graveyard on top of the hill

Question 37

In what position were the royals buried?

Answer 37

seated

Question 38

What was found in their graves?

Answer 38

gold bangles, necklace, exotic glass beads, gold beads, cowrie shells, gold bowl, gold sceptre and gold rhino

Question 39

What does the golden rhino symbolise?

Answer 39

leadership | horn - role of the leader to protect the people

Question 40

What does the golden sceptre symbolise?

Answer 40

authority, was always carried by the king

Question 41

What do the golden beads symbolise?

Answer 41

power, leadership and importance | only the king and his family wore gold beads

Question 42

What are trading routes?

Answer 42

the paths that traders follow as they move between settlements

Question 43

What rivers did the trade routes follow to the harbours on the East African coast?

Answer 43

Limpopo & Zambezi

Question 44

From which countries did the traders come from to trade at the trading centres on the coast for goods from the African interior?

Answer 44

Persia, Egypt, India, Arabia, China

Question 45

Mapungubwe was an important part of the Indian Ocean trade network linking which countries?

Answer 45

Asia, Arabia, Africa

Question 46

What goods did Mapungubwe export?

Answer 46

salt, cattle, animal skins, fish, bone, ivory, wood, freshwater snails, mussel shells, pottery, chert, ostrich eggshell beads. objects made from gold, copper and iron (scampi, cob, wff, cig)

Question 47

When was the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (includes schroda, K2 and Mapungubwe) declared a World Heritage site?

Answer 47

2003

Question 48

Who was the first person to receive the Order of Mapungubwe award for excellence and exceptional achievement?

Answer 48

Nelson Mandela

Question 49

What are some possible reasons that Mapungubwe was abandoned in about 1270?

Answer 49

- trade routed changed resulting in other ares becoming more powerful. possibly because demand for gold increased rather than demand fro ivory and bone

Question 50

What other kingdom controlled the trade in gold?

Answer 50

Great Zimbabwe

Question 51

What does the name Zimbabwe mean?

Answer 51

stone buildings/house of rock or stone/venerated house

Question 52

Who were the first people to live in Great Zimbabwe?

Answer 52

Bantu-speaking ancestors of the Shona ppl

Question 53

What did Great Zimbabwe trade with East Africa along the Limpopo river trading routes?

Answer 53

gold

Question 54

What other countries is there evidence that Great Zimbabwe traded with?

Answer 54

Middle and Far East | chinese pottery and persian bowl found in the ruins

Question 55

The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe disappeared in the 1600's, what do historians think happened?

Answer 55

- gold trade in the region declined, resources became scarce | - local trade disrupted by Portuguese merchants

Question 56

Who was one of the first Europeans to travel the silk road?

Answer 56

Marco Polo (1254-1324)

Question 57

What was the Silk Road?

Answer 57

- ancient overland trade route that ppl used for many centuries. - Started in China and ended in western Europe

Question 58

What opened up the trade between Asia and Europe?

Answer 58

The stories, ideas and goods that Marco Polo brought back from Asia to Europe.

Question 59

How old was Marco Polo when he left Europe to adventure across the continent of Asia?

Answer 59

17yrs old

Question 60

He was away for 24 years, how long did he spend in China?

Answer 60

17yrs

Question 61

He was 38 yrs old when he returned to his home in.....

Answer 61

Venice, Italy

Question 62

Who was inspired by the book Marco wrote about his travels 'Travels of Marco Polo'?

Answer 62

``` Christopher Columbus (100 yrs after the book was written) This inspired him to visit those lands in the Far East himself ```

Question 63

Where was the first class-based society found in South Africa?

Answer 63

Mapungubwe

Question 64

How many towns was the Great Zimbabwe kingdom made up of?

Answer 64

50

Question 65

What ocean did Marco Polo sail on on his return?

Answer 65

Indian Ocean