South Sudan Flashcards
When did South Sudan achieve independence? Outcome of referendum?
=> 2011
=> 98.8% wished to secede from Sudan.
What supranational organisations did S.Sudan join? Who became president and Vice President, and from which ethnic groups?
=> UN, AU, EAC. —-> Gains external recognition.
=> President: Kiir (Dinka)
=> Vice President: Machar (Nuer)
Outline the 2013 Palace Coup? What did it lead to?
=> Kiir fires his entire cabinet after suspected coup by Machar.
=> Machar claims as a step towards dictatorship and announces challenge to presidency in 2015.
=> Led to South Sudanese Civil War (7/10 states saw fighting).
=> Factionalise into SPLM (In power) and SPLM-IO (Opposition).
When was the food crisis? Outline?
=> 2014
=> Described by UN as “worst in the world.”
=> Violence prevents farmers from planting/ harvesting —-> Nationwide shortages.
In 2014, what did the Council authorise for troops? Limitations? Successes? Limitations?
=> Security Council allowed UNMISS mandate to use force.
=> LIMITS: Majority employed in POC sites, 0.02% of populace, few in conflict areas. Minimal impact on political processes. LONG TERM: Refugees brought back to homogeneous regions => Less conflict, but divisions continue.
=> SUCCESS: Citizens see engagement as positive: Repeatedly said “Without UNMISS there would have been a genocide here.”
Who mediated peace talks in 2015? Which group was excluded? What were some terms? Did it last? What happened with POC camps?
=> IGAD mediated talks (Intergovernmental Authority on Development).
=> Officials from Equatorial were not invited.
=> ARCSS signed, under threat of sanctions from UN.
=> Would include a ceasefire, independent court for war crimes, compensation aid etc.
=> Would fail shortly.
=> Attempt at expanding POC camps —-> Failed, Dinka attacked the Nuer inhabited camps.
When was Machar re-appointed as VP? Outline the outbreak of violence in 2016? Impact on Equatoria?
=> Returned and re-appointed in 2016.
=> Battle of Juba led to conflict again and broke ceasefire. Rescue calls of 5 aid workers ignored by UNMISS.
=> War moves to Equatoria. —> Machar looks to recruit forces and support, but local politicians want their own representation.
Why did they increase the price of business visas? How much by?
=> $100 to $10,000
=> Claimed to be for ‘need to increase government revenue.’
=> Keep NGOs and groups out who might monitor the government on committing atrocities.
When was famine declared? How many people facing starvation? How many are sheltering at POC camps?
=> February 2017
=> 6 million facing starvation.
=> 200,000 people in POC camps.
Issue with movement in South Sudan?
=> Size of France, but only has 200km of paved roads.
=> Most roads are dirt tracks.
=> Large areas covered in swamps during the wet season.
When was the second peace agreement? Issues with Equatoria?
=> 2018, R-ARCSS. —> Sought to reinstate 2015 power sharing.
=> BUT bound to fail.
=> Equatorial crisis not given much importance in new peace talks.
What government was formed in 2020? Why was it problematic?
=> Revitalised transactional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU) with Kiir and Machar as P and VP.
=> Violence escalated as forces and parties refused to accept agreement –> Power sharing does not include multiple ethnic factions.
What did the 2020 UN report on human rights note? How many refugees and asylum seekers had fled to Uganda? What % of the population suffered from severe acute food insecurity due to conflict?
=> UN reported serious crimes and HR abuses including abduction, ambush, rape, killing of civilians etc.
=> Over 2 million had fled to Uganda.
=> 52% of the population.
2024: How many NGOs have requested the HR council to extend mandate in SS? How many people have been killed? When are elections scheduled? Minimum of aid workers killed?
=> 50 NGOs have requested this.
=> About 400,000 estimated to have been killed.
=> Elections are scheduled in December 2024.
=> At least 99 aid workers have been killed since the start of the war.
