South - South Corridors Are Equal To South- North Corridors

Question 1

Stats

Answer 1

South to south - 82.3

South - north - 81.9

Question 2

Until 2020 - largest international migrant flows were the poorer less devloped countries in the south to the north

Answer 2

Global economies have become more interconnected and south - sound flows have increased.

2015- south - south flows were equal to other flows combined

2/3rds of migrant remittances were sent between countries of the south in 2013

Eg, Bangladesh - India corridor is the third largest bilateral flow with 3.3 million migrants

Increase in refugees fleeing persecution/conflict with 2.3 million having migrated from Afghanistan to Pakistan

Question 3

Main reason for south - south flows

Answer 3

Restrictive admin barriers for migrants from the south to the north - often meaning there route is redirected to another south country

Fast growing economies in the south offer employment opportunities which are increasingly accessible

Improved communications and development of social and business networks result in an increased awareness of opportunities in the south

Preventative costs of moving to a distant richer country

Question 4

Example of south - south

Answer 4

Burkino Faso to Ivory Coast

Burkino Faso is landlocked and is an LIC with a GDP of $684 per capita which is bordered to the Ivory Coast

Which is a medium income country with a GDP of £1529 per capita

Largest exporter of cocoa

2013 - 560,00 Ivorians lived in Burkina Faso escaping conflict from the Ivory Coast

1.46 million born in Burkina Faso living in the Ivory Coast

This is due to

• employment opps and higher wages - cocoa and coffee plantations ( generally small income disparity but sufficient enough to encourage flows)
• Migrant farmers to use the more fertile land of the Ivory Coast
• shared language, currency and cultural system

Question 5

Example of south - south

Answer 5

Myanmar to Thailand

Largest ASEAN migrant corridor

Involves 1.9 million migrants

People in the LIDC Myanmar are attracted by economic opportunities in Thailand as it is Asias fastest growing economy and people are living on the poverty line in Myanmar

Thailand needs to resolve labour shortages in ag and manufacturing, construction, fisheries and domestic

Recently Thailand have introduced a minimum wage of 300 baht ( 10 x Myanmar wage )

Geographical proximity and freer flows of labour within the ASEAN economic community = contributory factors

Myanmar refugees are escaping forced labour in government development projects such as railway construction as part of myanmars economic reforms

Question 6

Conflict and persecution increasing refugees

Answer 6

Refugee = somebody moving outside their usual domicile due to genuine fear of persecution or death

According to the UNHCR - 15.7 million refugees in 2021 and 19.5 million in 2014

2015 - Syria largest source of refugees

Turkey is the largest recipient

87.2 % of refugees live in the south - 10.2 in Asia

Asylum seeker = energy to another country by claiming to be a refugee

Those who are found out not requiring international protection can be sent back to their country of origin

2014 - 1.66 million asylum seekers applications were submitted ( Russia, Germany and USA ) being the largest reciprocates

Question 7

Part 2

Answer 7

Civil war began march 2011 - internal displacement of 7.6 million people and 4.7 international refugees

Most have moved to bordered countries eg, Syria, Turkey and Lebanon

Residents of Konami have been living in tented camps near the Turkish border

Intention to return to farmlands when borders reopen

Lebanon has been overwhelmed with refugees

Jan 2015 - government imposed the need entry visas whereas before movement between the countries was relatively unrestricted

Syrians seeking work must be sponsored by Lebanese individuals or companies

Others try to reach EU

Some reach Aksaray where they live temporarily before making contact with traffickers - route depends on wealth

Sea - intervening obstacle but is less costly but high risk
Safer - fake passport and easy flight

Question 8

Main reasons for large global number

Answer 8

Conflict

Political persecution

Economic hardships

Natural hazards

Question 9

Changing national policies

Answer 9

Designed to meet economic, social and political needs for a country

UK , Australia and Canada - point based system to satisfy labour shortages in particular sectors

Some encourage emigration to assist development Eg. Remittances

Question 10

Emigration policy - Pakistan

Answer 10

Population - 196.1 million

Lower to middle income

45% of population are under 20

GDP of $4736 per capita

HDI of 0.537

Government are pro emigration

7 million working abroad - 96 % in gulf cooperation council countries

Remittances accounted for 11.5 billion - socio-economic development - recognised in the new emigration policy

The Pakistan National Emigration Policy - Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development jointly with International Labour Organisation

Promote emigration and safeguard migrants

Ratification rights of workers and protecting there human rights

Promoting export of Pakistani manpower abroad

Encourage female participation abroad only 0.12 % currently

Support for social networks and associations abroad ( Pakistan diaspora )

Training institutions to help young people prepare for work abroad

Enhance impact of economic remittances and skills of migrants for development

Question 11

Immigration policy - Canada

Answer 11

AC

GDP - 2020 was 43.278 per capita

Growth rate of 2.5%

HDI of 0.9

Population - 38 million

2015 January changes made to policy ]

• country long term aim for encouraging g engineers, it specialists and healthcare professionals

Ranked on 1200 point system - enabling young,highly skilled immigrants to be ranked and fast tracked

Employ Canadian citizen first but half are awarded to migrant applications with a permanent job offer from an employee

Particularly if the employer is under the provincial employment schemes Away from the big cites such as Toronto, Vancouver or Montreal

20 year olds receive max points for age

Graduates are favoured

Short. Term , Canada has agreed to taken 10,000 Syrian refugees 2015 - 2018

Question 12

Distinct bilateral corridors

Answer 12

Bilateral migration = migrant flow between two counties

Large and long standing = Mexico and USA

New ( recorded in the last decade at a lower scale - Sudan and South Sudan

Factors influencing these corridors

• cost of travel
• ease, access andf communication of the two counties
• efficiency and cost of remittances
• employment pops and wages
• established diaspora networks
• conflict and persecution
• migration policies
• former colonial influence ( language)