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South America Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

Why did South America suffer in the 17th century?

A

A prohibitive Spanish law that restricted wine production in the new world in favor of Iberian producers

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2
Q

When did Argentina, Chile and Brazil gain independence?

A

In the early 1800s.

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3
Q

What are the three leading wine producing countries of South America?

A

Argentina, Chile and Brazil.

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4
Q

What is the only major winemaking country to remain totally phylloxera free?

A

Chile

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5
Q

What is the mission grape of South America identical to?

A

Listán Prieto in the Canary Islands

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6
Q

What is the Chilean synonym for the mission grape?

A

País

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7
Q

What is Argentina’s most planted grape?

A

Cereza

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8
Q

What are the parent grapes of Torrontés Riojano?

A

Criolla Chica x Muscat of Alexandria

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9
Q

Much of Chile’s Sauv Blanc is actually another grape. What is it?

A

Sauvignon Vert or Friulano

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10
Q

Much of Chile’s merlot is actually a different grape. What is it?

A

Carmenère

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11
Q

What separates Chile from the rest of South America?

A

The Andes Mountains

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12
Q

Where are most of the major wine regions of chile located?

A

South of the capital, Santiago

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13
Q

What are the regional DOs of Chile (north to south)?

A
  • Atacama
  • Coquimbo
  • Aconcagua
  • the Valle Central (Central Valley)
  • Sur (the Southern Regions)
  • Austral
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14
Q

What is the climate of the northernmost regions of Chile?

A

Although it is moderated by maritime influence, the regions are dry and desert like

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15
Q

What is the climate of the Central Valley of Chile?

A

Proximity to the Andes cools nighttime temperatures and along the coast the cold Humboldt Current cools the vines.

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16
Q

What is the climate/weather of the southernmost regions of Chile?

A

Rainfall is higher and the overall growing season is cooler and shorter.

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17
Q

When was Chilean wine law established?

A

1995

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18
Q

What are the required minimums for vintage, varietal and denomination of origin for Chile?

A

75% across the board although many wineries observe an 85% minimum to comply with EU standards.

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19
Q

What is the minimum alcohol content for wines of Chile?

A

11.5%

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20
Q

What are the requirements for ABV for Reserva and Reserva Especial in Chile?

A

12%

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21
Q

What are the requirements for ABV for wines labeled Reserva Privada and Gran Reserva from Chile?

A

12.5%

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22
Q

What two labeling terms from Chilean stipulate time spent in oak?

A

Reserva Especial and Gran Reserva

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23
Q

What are the major grapes of Chile?

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • País
  • Merlot
  • Sauv Blanc,
  • Chard
  • Carmenère
  • Syrah
  • Sémillon
  • Pinot Noir
  • Cabernet Franc
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24
Q

What is the northernmost wine growing region in Chile?

A

Atacama

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25
Q

What happens to the majority of Atacama’s wines?

A

They are distilled

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26
Q

What are the three regions within Coquimbo in Chile?

A

Elqui and Limarí to the north and Choapa in the south

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27
Q

Where is Atacama?

A

Chile

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28
Q

Where is Coquimbo?

A

Chile

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29
Q

Where is Elqui?

A

Coquimbo, Chile

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30
Q

Where is Limarí?

A

Coquimbo, Chile

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31
Q

Where is Choapa?

A

Coquimbo, Chile

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32
Q

What is the most planted grape in both Elqui and Limarí?

A

Cab Sauv

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33
Q

Where is Aconcagua DO?

A

Chile

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34
Q

What is Donald Hess’ estate in Salta? How high are the vineyards?

A
  • Colome

- 3,000 m- some of the highest vineyards in the world

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35
Q

What is Bonards confusingly called in San Juan?

A

Barbera Bonarda

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36
Q

Although Colchagua is historically a bulk wine region, producers are finding success with premium wines sourced from higher-altitude sub-regions with greater diurnal variations, such as?

A
  • Apalta
  • San Fernando
  • Chimbarongo
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37
Q

Who produces these iconic wines from Colchgua?
‘Clos Apalta’
‘Alpha M’
‘Purple Angel’

A
  • Casa Lapostolle ‘Clos Apalta’- Bdx blend
  • Vina Montes ‘Alpha M’- Bdx blend
  • Vina Montes ‘Purple Angel’- Carmenere
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38
Q

What portion of Argentina’s production occurs in Mendoza?

A

~ 3/4

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39
Q

What Argentine region makes decent sherry-like wines?

A

San Juan- the hot summer climate is also ideal for brandy and vermouth

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40
Q

What factor in Argentina helps keep Phylloxera and other diseases at bay?

A

Zonda- almost all vines in Mendoza are planted on their own rootstock

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41
Q

What is the average elevation of vineyards of Argentina?

A

900 m

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42
Q

Torrontes Riojano and Torrontes Sanjuanino are crossings of what grapes? Which is higher quality?

A
  • Criolla Chica x Muscat of Alexandria

- Torrontes Riojano

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43
Q

The Rapel Valley (Central Valley) is divided into what two regions?

A

Cachapol and Colchagua

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44
Q

Where is Vina Errazuriz located? What is their flagship wine?

A
  • Panquehue commune of Anconagua DO

- Sena- an iconic Bdx blend that placed ahead of Lafite and Margaux in the 2004 Berlin tasting

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45
Q

What 3 provinces are located in the North Region of Argentina?

A
  • Salta
  • Tucuman
  • Catamarca
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46
Q

Where is Salta?

A

North Region, Argentina

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47
Q

Where is Tucuman?

A

North Region, Argentina

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48
Q

Where is Catamarca?

A

North Region, Argentina

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49
Q

What are the sub-regions of the Central Valley DO?

A
  • Maipo Valley
  • Rapel Valley
  • Curico
  • Maule Valley
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50
Q

Where is Maipo Valley?

A

Central Valley DO, Chile

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51
Q

Where is Rapel Valley?

A

Central Valley DO, Chile

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52
Q

Where is Curico?

A

Central Valley DO, Chile

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53
Q

Where is Maule Valley?

A

Central Valley DO, Chile

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54
Q

What pink-skinned varieties occupy 30% of Argentina’s vineyards?

A

Cereza, Criolla Chica and Criolla Grande

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55
Q

What are Chile’s major regional DOs from north to south?

A
  • Atacama
  • Coquimbo
  • Aconcagua
  • The Valle Central
  • Sur (The Southern Region)
  • Austral
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56
Q

Where is Atacama?

A

Chile

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57
Q

Where is Coquimbo?

A

Chile

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58
Q

Where is Aconcagua?

A

Chile

59
Q

The Valle Central?

A

Chile

60
Q

Where is Sur?

A

Chile

61
Q

Which county is the 5th largest producer of wine in the world?

A

Argentina

62
Q

What are the 3 valleys of the Sur DO?

A
  • Itata
  • Bio Bio
  • Malleco
63
Q

Where is Itata?

A

Sur DO, Chile

64
Q

Where is Bio Bio?

A

Sur DO, Chile

65
Q

Where is Malleco?

A

Sur DO, Chile

66
Q

Who is Chile’s largest producer?

A

Concha y Toro

67
Q

Where are Mendoza’s highest vineyards?

A

Uco Valley in the west

68
Q

What two mountain ranges are in Chile?

A

The Coastal Ranges and the Andes

69
Q

What is Argentina’s 2nd largest wine-producing province?

A

San Juan

70
Q

What is Argentina’s most planted white grape?

A

Pedro Gimenez- unrelated to Spain’s Pedro Ximenez

71
Q

Where was the Mendoza Chardonnay clone developed? It has gained popularity despite what issue?

A
  • UC Davis

- It is prone to millerandage and the resulting grapes have a higher skin-to-juice ratio

72
Q

What is Argentina’s most planted grape?

A

Cereza

73
Q

When was Malbec introduced to Argentina?

A

1860

74
Q

Bodegas Chacra is located where? What are they producing?

A
  • Patagonia

- Super-premium Rio Negro Pinot Noir

75
Q

Where is Sao Francisco Valley?

A

A tropical winegrowing region in northern Brazil, where growers can harvest twice per year

76
Q

What in Aconcagua’s most prominent subregion? What is it known for?

A

Casablance- Chard and SB

77
Q

Argentina’s Bonarda has been identified as what?

A
  • It is genetically district from the northern Italian grape of the same name
  • It is Savoie’s Corbeau, AKA Charbono in the US
78
Q

What varieties are grown in Brazil?

A

Bdx and other international grapes, along with Iberian varieties like Aragonez and Touriga Nacional

79
Q

Describe Brazil’s production? What major foreign investment has invested here?

A
  • Predominantly red, but nearly a quarter is sparkling

- Moet & Chandon

80
Q

What Brazilian state contains most of the country’s viticulture?

A

Rio Grande do Sul (along the Argentine border), with Serra Gaucha being the country’s most developed wine region and accounts for approximately 20% of Brazilian wine

81
Q

What is the southernmost region in Chile? What is planted here?

A
  • Malleco

- Pinot Noir and Chard

82
Q

What are the subregions of the Aconcagua DO?

A
  • Valle del Aconcagua DO
  • Valle de Casablanca DO
  • Valle de San Antonio Do
83
Q

Where is Valle del Aconcagua DO?

A

It is a subregion of Aconcagua DO in Chile

84
Q

Where is Valle de Casablanca DO?

A

It is a subregion of Aconcagua DO in Chile

85
Q

Where is Valle de San Antonio DO?

A

It is a subregion of Aconcagua DO in Chile

86
Q

What is the northernmost wine region in Argentina?

A

Salta

87
Q

What is the promising department in Salta increasingly appearing on Torrontes labels? Name 2 producers located here.

A
  • Cafayate
  • Etchart- first brought Michael Rolland to Argentina
  • Yacochuya- Arnaldo Etchart’s new project
88
Q

What is La Rioja’s famous wine region? From what grapes?

A
  • Famatina Valley

- Torrontes and Malbec

89
Q

What DOs of Chile are historically destined for Pisco?

A

Atacama and Coquimbo

90
Q

When was Chilean wine law established? What is the 75% rule?

A
  • Established in 1995
  • Varietal, vintage and DO must comprise 75% to be listed on the label
  • Most wineries observe 85% to comply with EU standards for exports
91
Q

Are hybrid grapes permitted in Chile?

A

No, only permitted varieties may be used

92
Q

What is Chile’s most famous winemaking area? What is it known for?

A
  • Maipo Valley

- Cab Sauv- over 50% of the region’s vineyards are devoted to the grape

93
Q

What are the two departments of Mendoza that provide the best traditional sites for Malbec?

A

Lujan de Cuyo and Maipu

94
Q

What grapes may be labeled as ‘Torrontes’?

A

-Torrontes Riojano

Lower quality:

  • Torrontes Sanjuanino
  • Torrontes Mendocino
95
Q

Chenin Blanc is the principal grape in what departments of Southern Mendoza?

A

San Rafael and General Alvear

96
Q

White grapes, such as Chard and Semillon, are cultivated with success in high elevations of what departments of Mendoza?

A

Uco Valley and Tupungato Department

97
Q

In 2011, the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture amended wine law to support 3 new geographical terms to append to the existing DOs. What are they? What percentage is required?

A
  • Costa
  • Entre Cordilleras (‘Between Mountains’)
  • Andes
  • To qualify, 85% of the grapes must be harvested in the appropriate region
98
Q

What is the dominant red variety of Uruguay?

A

Tannat- rechristened Harriague, after Don Pascual Harriague, the Frenchman who introduced the grape to Uruguay

99
Q

What does ‘Reserva’ and ‘Gran Reserva’ indicate on an Argentine label? When was it introduced? What is permitted?

A

Aging requirements:

  • Reserva:
  • -White- 6 m
  • -Red- 1 year
  • Gran Reserva
  • -White- 1 year
  • -Red- 2 years

-Introduced in 2008, no pink skinned varieties (Criolla Chica/Grande or Cereza) and max yields are regulated

100
Q

What is the appellation system in Brazil? What is unique about it? What was the first?

A
  • Origin Indications
  • It restricts varieties and yields, in the manner of European appellations
  • Vale do Vinhedos (a subregion within Serra Gaucha) in 2002
101
Q

What grape played a similar role in Argentina as the Mission grape did in Chile?

A

Criolla Chica

102
Q

What 2 grapes are related to Criolla Chica that are relevant in Argentina?

A

Cereza and Criolla Grande

103
Q

What 3 major houses are located in Maipo Valley? Why?

A
  • Concha y Toro
  • Santa Rita
  • Cousino Macul

-Its proximity to Santiago

104
Q

What are the most planted varieties of Itata and Bio Bio?

A

Pais and Muscat d’Alexandria

105
Q

What 3 provinces are located in the Cuyo region?

A
  • La Rioja
  • San Juan
  • Mendoza
106
Q

Where is Cuyo?

A

Argentina

107
Q

Where is La Rioja?

A

Cuyo, Argentina

108
Q

Where is San Juan?

A

Cuyo, Argentina

109
Q

Where is Mendoza?

A

Cuyo, Argentina

110
Q

What are Curico’s two subregions?

A

Lontue and Teno

111
Q

Where is Curico?

A

Valle Central, Chile

112
Q

Where is Lontue?

A

Curico, Valle Central, Chile

113
Q

Where is Teno?

A

Curico, Valle Central, Chile

114
Q

Who makes the following wines and what are the varietals:
Don Melchor?
Vinedo Chadwick?
Almaviva?

Where are these produced?

A

Don Melchor- Concha y Toro, CS
Vinedo Charwick- Errazuriz, CS
Almaviva- joint project between Baron Philippe de Rothschild and Concha y Toro, Bdx blend

Puente Alto subregion of the Maipo Valley, Chile

115
Q

What region in Chile is covered in Santiago’s smog?

A

Maipo

116
Q

What are Mendoza’s two DOCs?

A
  • Lujan de Cuyo- authorized for Malbec

- San Rafael- currently only used by Valentin Bianchi for base quality wines

117
Q

What are the subzones of San Antonio DO (Aconcagua)? What is it known for?

A
  • Leyda
  • Lo Abarca
  • Rosario
  • Malvilla

-Predominately wines, with PN showing promise

118
Q

Where is Leyda?

A

Valle de San Antonio, Aconcagua DO, Chile

119
Q

Where is Lo Abarca?

A

Valle de San Antonio, Aconcagua DO, Chile

120
Q

Where is Rosario?

A

Valle de San Antonio, Aconcagua DO, Chile

121
Q

Where is Malvilla?

A

Valle de San Antonio, Aconcagua DO, Chile

122
Q

What 3 provinces are located in the Patagonia province?

A
  • La Pampa
  • Rio Negro
  • Neuquén
123
Q

Where is La Pampa?

A

Patagonia, Argentina

124
Q

Where is Rio Negro?

A

Patagonia, Argentina

125
Q

Where is Neuquén?

A

Patagonia, Argentina

126
Q

What are the 5 valleys of San Juan?

A
  • Tulum
  • Zonda
  • Ullum
  • Jachal
  • Fertil
127
Q

Where is Tulum?

A

San Juan, Cuyo, Argentina

128
Q

Where is Zonda?

A

San Juan, Cuyo, Argentina

129
Q

Where is Ullum?

A

San Juan, Cuyo, Argentina

130
Q

Where is Jachal?

A

San Juan, Cuyo, Argentina

131
Q

Where is Fertil?

A

San Juan, Cuyo, Argentina

132
Q

Who is Claudio Gay

A

in 1830 the Frenchman who set up a Chilean repository of pre-Phylloxera Vitis Vinifera vines at the University of Chile’s Quinta Normal department

133
Q

Where di Miguel Torres set up Chilean operations in the 1970s?

A

Curico

134
Q

What are the regions in Rio Grande do Sul?

A
  • Serra Gaucha
  • Sao Jaoquim
  • Serra do Sudeste
  • Campanha
135
Q

Where is Serra Gaucha?

A

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

136
Q

Where is Sao Jaoquim?

A

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

137
Q

Where is Serra do Sudeste?

A

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

138
Q

Where is Campanha?

A

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

139
Q

What are the highly regarded estates of Mendoza?

A
  • Catena
  • Susana Balbo’s Domino del Plata
  • Bressia
  • Achaval Ferrer
140
Q

What air system cools the vines in Chile?

A

The Humoldt Current

141
Q

What is the only country to remain totally Phylloxera free?

A

Chile

142
Q

What project was founded in 1996 by Robert Mondavi? With who? Why is it no longer in the American market?

A

Robert Mondavi and Errazuriz have a collaborative project in Chile called Caliterra, founded in 1996, pulled from the American market when Mondavi was sold to Constellation

143
Q

What are the sub regions of the Austral?

A
  • Valle del Cautín DO

* Valle de Osorno DO

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