Sources of artifact and bias

Question 1

Demand characteristics

Answer 1

cues of the situation associated with the experimental manipulation of intervention that may seem incidental but may contribute to, or even account for the results.

Question 2

Experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 2

considered unintentional, blind study or withhold hypotheses. Refers to the influence of the experimenter’s beliefs and desires about the results on how the subject performs.

Question 3

Sample of covenience

Answer 3

Subjects included in an investigation that appear to be selected merely because they are available, whether or not they provide a suitable or optimal test of the hypotheses or condition of interest.

Question 4

Subject-selection bias

Answer 4

Who is selected for the study? Samples of convenience present potential problems. Are there unique features of that sample that contributed to the results? do volunteers differ in important ways when compared to nonvolunteers? Who remains in the study? The loss of subjects can impact internal validity, external validity, construct validity, and statistical conclusion validity.