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Population Biology > Sources and sinks (Lecture 9) > Flashcards

Sources and sinks (Lecture 9) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

demography

A

the science of births and deaths used to project population growth

the foundation of population biology which is the fundamental basis for understanding ecology

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2
Q

Two examples of demographic statistics…

A
  1. age specific survivorship

2. Age specific fecundity

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3
Q

Conservation biology

A

application of basic ecology (including demography) to threatened and endangered species and communities

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4
Q

A negative abiotic effects is an example of an…

A

Edge Effect

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5
Q

Five edge effects are:

A
  1. Negative abiotic effects
  2. Increased predator, competitor or parasite activity
  3. Alter food supply (up or down)
  4. Invasive species
  5. increased input of pollutants (noise to chemicals)
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6
Q

When there is _________ specialist species found in these areas are typically the first to be lost

A

Loss of unique habitat

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7
Q

Life tables helps us evaluate ___________ for a species

A

value of a habitat

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8
Q

Source

A

a compartment that over a large period of time shows no net change in population size but is a net exporter of individuals

B>D and E>I

B+I-D-E>0

B-D>E-I

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9
Q

B-D>E-I happens in….

A

Source

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10
Q

B+I-D-E>0

Happens in….

A

source

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11
Q

when, B>D and E>I the population is believed to be

A

a source

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12
Q

sink

A

a compartment that is a net importer of individuals

BE
B-D < and = E-I

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13
Q

When B<I the population is believed to be

A

Sink

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14
Q

lambda is > 1 in a _____ population

a. source
b. sink

A

a. Source

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15
Q

lambda is < 1 in a _____ population

a. source
b. sink

A

sink `

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16
Q

how to calculate lamda in source/sink populations

A

lamda=SA+(F/2)*SJ

SA= adult survival
F= Fecundity
JS= juvenile survival
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17
Q

Habitat Specific vital rates (3)

A

adult survival rates
seasonal productivity
dispersal

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18
Q

If their is a high mortality _____ in population need to be avoided

A

sinks

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19
Q

psuedosink

A

attracts immigrants while it creates negative density dependence and creates a lambda of less then one.

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20
Q

Examples of Ecological islands

A 
Mountain tops
bogs
ponds
specialized habitats (soils)
forest fragments
urban parks
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21
Q

Severe traps

A

active choice to occupy

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22
Q

Equal preference

A

settlement w/o regard to suitability

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23
Q

Three mechanisms that could lead to the existence of severe traps:

A
  1. Settlement cues change so that habitat becomes more attractive but suitability does not change
  2. a habitat’s attractiveness is unchanged but suitability decreases
  3. habitat attractiveness increases and suitability decreases
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24
Q

When habitat attractiveness increases and suitability decreases this leads to…

A

existence of severe trap

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25
Q

When settlement cues change so that habitat becomes more attractive but suitability does not change this leads to…

A

existence of severe trap

26
Q

Define ecological trap

A

a habitat that seemingly provides necessary and sufficient conditions for an organism to survive and reproduce, and therefore attracts individuals to it but is inadequate as a habitat.

Or… a “sink” but one that is overly attractive

27
Q

How do growth rate and survival work together interms of source sink, dispearsal, self sustaining. NO ANSWER

A

??? There is a slide on this…

28
Q

Meta-population biology

A

the biology of small isolated populations

29
Q

Four conditions that must exist for “true” Metapopulation to exist….

A
  1. population exist in discrete patches
  2. All populations stand a risk of extinction
  3. Non synchronized dynamics of each local population
  4. dispersal sufficient to allow “rescue”
30
Q

Loss of genetic variability is harmful to small populations because…

A

they are prone to extinction

31
Q

Metapopulation classification scheme is based on_______ and ___________

A

patch size and isolation (or connectivity of patches)

32
Q

What would adding more patches to the landscape do?

A

increases the the probability of regional persistence

but increases the risk of extinction

33
Q

Calculation of Metapoputions

A

df/dt= I-E
or
simple model of metapopulation dynamics
df/dt=[pi(1-f)]-[pe*f]

f= fraction of sites occupied (0-1)
I= immigration rate
E= extinction rate
34
Q

Calculation of Immigration rate

A

I = pi(1-f)

f= fraction of sites occupied 
p = probability of immigration
35
Q

Extinction Rate calculation

A

E= pe*f

f= fraction of sites occupied
pe=probability of extinction

36
Q

When few sites are occupied in a metapopulation what is happening to the …
A. Immigration rate?
B. Extinction rate?

A

A. Immigration rate is high

B. Extinction rate is low

37
Q

extinction rate is high when _______ sites are occupied

A

many

38
Q

Six assumptions for the simple model of metapopulations

A
  1. Homogeneous patches
  2. Large number of patches
  3. No spacial structure ( no neighborhood effect)
  4. No time lags
  5. constant probability of of extinction and probability of immigration
  6. Regional occurrence f (fraction of sites occupied) affects local colonization (pi) and extinction (pe)
39
Q

Can you have external sources of colonization in a classic metapopulation?

A

No!

Only internal

40
Q

Is the main land part of metapopulation dynamics?

A

No!

Assume constant probability of extinction in all small patches and a constant “rain” of dispersers from “mainland”

41
Q

What affects extinction probability?

A

Population size (and freedom of organismto move around)

42
Q

Species area relationship on islands

A

there is a relationship between island size and number of species present (species richness)

43
Q

Factors that influence species richness? (5)

A
  1. Area size
  2. Island isolation
  3. Habitat diversity
  4. Plant diversity ( influences the animals that can occupy the island)
  5. Topographic diversity
44
Q

MacArthur and Wilson’s Equilibrium Theory of Island biogeography. Draw and explain graph

A

ENTER GRAPH

“I” declines as S increase because few of the new arrivals will be new species ( organisms all ready occupying the island)

45
Q

As size of potential pool of immigrant species increases, _______________ increases

A

Equilibrium number of species always increases

46
Q

What is the MacArthur and Wilson’s equation for equilibrium number of species?

A

S=I*P/(I+E)

S= equilibrium number of species
T= turnover rate at equilibrium 
P=Size of source pool of species
I = immigration
E= Extinction
47
Q

What is the MacArthur and Wilson’s equation for turnover rate at equilibrium?

A

T= I*E/(I+E)

S= equilibrium number of species
T= turnover rate at equilibrium 
P=Size of source pool of species
I = immigration
E= Extinction
48
Q

Small or Large populations deal with stochastic event better?

A

Large - less likely to go extinct

49
Q

target effect is…

A

When an island is larger in size it is easier to be colonized.

island size effects extinction and immigration rate

turnover rates are expected to be higher on larger islands

50
Q

Draw the immigration rate in the MacArthur Wilson Model

A

GRAPH

51
Q

Draw the extinction rate in the macArthur wilson model

A

Graph

52
Q

What does the intersection of the immigration and ixtinction curve determine in the MacArthur-Wilson model? (2)

A
  1. equlibrium number of species

2. turnover rate at equilibrium

53
Q

Describe the area effect in the MacArthur -Wilson model

A

Smaller islands have smaller populations sizes , which increases the extinction rate and leads to a lower species equilibrium

54
Q

Smaller islands have smaller populations sizes , which increases the extinction rate and leads to a lower species equilibrium is __________________________

A

the area effect in the MacArthur Wilson Model

55
Q

_______ and _______________ affect extinction and immigration in the Mac Arthur wilson model

A

Area and Distance

56
Q

Area and distance affect ________ and________ in the Mac Arthur wilson model

A

extinction

immigration

57
Q

MacArthur Wilson model predicts less_____ on more isolated islands because they ______________.

A

turnover

they received fewer immigrants

58
Q

__________ may generate greater turnover on more isolated islands because of the increase in the extinction rate.

A

The rescue effect.

59
Q

Rescue effect

A

genetic and demographic contribution of immigrant to increase persistence of isolated populations

60
Q

_______ when assuming that the immigration rate is higher on large islands than small ones.

A

Target effect

Population Biology (8 decks)

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