Sources and Routes of Administration

Question 1

4 classifications of drugs based on their physical state and properties:

Answer 1

Solids

Liquids

Semisolids (cream/paste)

Gases/vapors

Question 2

What are the 3 categories of drug sources?

Answer 2

Natural (plant, animal, fungus, bacterium)

Semi-synthetic

Synthetic

Question 3

Alkaloids, Glycosides, Resins, Gums, Tannins, Fixed oils, and Volatile oils are the active compounds found where?

Answer 3

Plants (naturally derived drugs)

Question 4

Basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluble in water, end in -ine, have a bitter taste, and can be precipitated by acids:

Answer 4

Alkaloids

Question 5

List some examples of alkaloids

Answer 5

Atropine
Morphine
Pilocarpine
Physostigmine

Question 6

Sugars combines with other organic structures:

Answer 6

Glycosides

Question 7

List some examples of glycosides

Answer 7

Digoxin
Digitoxin
Ouabain

Question 8

Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils:

Answer 8

Resins

Question 9

Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees (ie: Acacia, Tragacanth)

Answer 9

Gums

Question 10

Non-nitrogenous plant constituents with an astringent effect:

Answer 10

Tannins

Question 11

What is an example of a tannin?

Answer 11

Witch hazel

Question 12

What is the difference between fixed oils and volatile oils?

Answer 12

Fixed oils are stable and do not evaporate, while volatile oils will evaporate.

*remember that polymerization of volatile oils forms a resin

Question 13

Cottonseed, Castor, and Linseed are examples of what type of oils?

Answer 13

Fixed

Question 14

Peppermint, Turpentine, and Clove are examples of what type of oil?

Answer 14

Volatile

Question 15

Blood, plasma, and hormones are examples of drugs derived from what source?

Answer 15

Animals

Question 16

One problem with biologically derived plasma is:

Answer 16

Increased incidence of allergic reaction

Question 17

T/F: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP), and stem cell therapy are all animal derived treatments.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines, and Polymyxins are examples of antibiotics derived from what source?

Answer 18

Fungi

Question 19

T/F: Polymyxins are commonly used as antibiotic drugs in horses.

Answer 19

FALSE: in equines, polymyxins are used to bind LPS from Gram - bacteria. Mechanism and dose are different.

Question 20

Bacitracin and Actinomycin D are examples of antibiotics derived from what source?

Answer 20

Bacteria

Question 21

__________ drugs are from natural sources and are chemically treated.

Answer 21

Semisynthetic

Question 22

Give 2 examples of semisynthetic drugs

Answer 22

Amoxicillin

Apomorphine

Question 23

Drugs prepared synthetically are ____ _____, and are usually less detrimental to the patient than naturally derived drugs.

Answer 23

Highly purified

Question 24

List some examples of synthetic drugs

Answer 24

Sulfonamides
Furosemide
Butorphanil
Aspirin
Acepromazine
STREET DRUGS

Question 25

What route of administration includes topical medications and is not absorbed into the bloodstream?

Answer 25

Local route

Question 26

What route of administration includes enteral and parenteral administration and is absorbed into the bloodstream?

Answer 26

Systemic route

Question 27

What are the local routes of drug administration? (there are A LOT)

Answer 27

``` Skin Nasal Ocular Urinary tract Vaginal Rectal Mammary Lingual GI tract lining Otic Epidural Intraspinal Intraasynovial ```

Question 28

What's a fun fact about rectal administration of metronidazole in horses?

Answer 28

Can be absorbed systemically. Useful in NPO horses that need antibiotics.

Question 29

What ailment is Manuka Honey used topically for?

Answer 29

Burns

Question 30

Pros of enteral route:

Answer 30

Convenient Feeding tube Potential to decontaminate if needed

Question 31

Cons of enteral route:

Answer 31

Slower onset Inactivation by gastric pH, enzymes, microflora Issues with absorption GI upset PALATABILITY! Patient/Owner compliance

Question 32

Parenteral route of administration can be divided into these 2 main categories:

Answer 32

Injection | Inhalation

Question 33

Pros of IV drug administration

Answer 33

Rapid onset Less irritating that injection into tissue Ability to give larger volumes

Question 34

Cons to IV drug administration

Answer 34

Complications | Phlebitis

Question 35

What is a good IV catheter option for long-term use?

Answer 35

MILA over the wire catheter

Question 36

What are the pros to IM injections?

Answer 36

Rapid absorption Longer duration of action than IV Can give thicker suspensions

Question 37

What are the cons of IM injection?

Answer 37

Tissue damage | Admin site infection

Question 38

Advantages of SQ injection:

Answer 38

Slow/constant absorption Longer duration of action Can be given at home

Question 39

Cons of SQ injection:

Answer 39

Slow onset Irritating drugs can't be used Admin site infection

Question 40

Pros of IO administration:

Answer 40

Good fluid flow Rapid access for ER (CPR drugs) Neonates and tiny animals

Question 41

Cons of IO administration:

Answer 41

Short term use only! Some drugs can't be given Special equipment required Painful

Question 42

Rate the methods of administration from fastest onset to slowest onset.

Answer 42

``` IV/IO Inhalation Transmucosal IM SQ Enteral ```