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RUSVM Pharmacology > Sources and Routes of Administration > Flashcards

Sources and Routes of Administration Flashcards

1
Q

4 classifications of drugs based on their physical state and properties:

A

Solids

Liquids

Semisolids (cream/paste)

Gases/vapors

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2
Q

What are the 3 categories of drug sources?

A

Natural (plant, animal, fungus, bacterium)

Semi-synthetic

Synthetic

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3
Q

Alkaloids, Glycosides, Resins, Gums, Tannins, Fixed oils, and Volatile oils are the active compounds found where?

A

Plants (naturally derived drugs)

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4
Q

Basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluble in water, end in -ine, have a bitter taste, and can be precipitated by acids:

A

Alkaloids

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5
Q

List some examples of alkaloids

A

Atropine
Morphine
Pilocarpine
Physostigmine

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6
Q

Sugars combines with other organic structures:

A

Glycosides

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7
Q

List some examples of glycosides

A

Digoxin
Digitoxin
Ouabain

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8
Q

Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils:

A

Resins

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9
Q

Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees (ie: Acacia, Tragacanth)

A

Gums

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10
Q

Non-nitrogenous plant constituents with an astringent effect:

A

Tannins

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11
Q

What is an example of a tannin?

A

Witch hazel

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12
Q

What is the difference between fixed oils and volatile oils?

A

Fixed oils are stable and do not evaporate, while volatile oils will evaporate.

*remember that polymerization of volatile oils forms a resin

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13
Q

Cottonseed, Castor, and Linseed are examples of what type of oils?

A

Fixed

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14
Q

Peppermint, Turpentine, and Clove are examples of what type of oil?

A

Volatile

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15
Q

Blood, plasma, and hormones are examples of drugs derived from what source?

A

Animals

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16
Q

One problem with biologically derived plasma is:

A

Increased incidence of allergic reaction

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17
Q

T/F: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP), and stem cell therapy are all animal derived treatments.

A

TRUE

18
Q

Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines, and Polymyxins are examples of antibiotics derived from what source?

A

Fungi

19
Q

T/F: Polymyxins are commonly used as antibiotic drugs in horses.

A

FALSE: in equines, polymyxins are used to bind LPS from Gram - bacteria. Mechanism and dose are different.

20
Q

Bacitracin and Actinomycin D are examples of antibiotics derived from what source?

A

Bacteria

21
Q

__________ drugs are from natural sources and are chemically treated.

A

Semisynthetic

22
Q

Give 2 examples of semisynthetic drugs

A

Amoxicillin

Apomorphine

23
Q

Drugs prepared synthetically are ____ _____, and are usually less detrimental to the patient than naturally derived drugs.

A

Highly purified

24
Q

List some examples of synthetic drugs

A 
Sulfonamides
Furosemide
Butorphanil
Aspirin
Acepromazine
STREET DRUGS
25
Q

What route of administration includes topical medications and is not absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Local route

26
Q

What route of administration includes enteral and parenteral administration and is absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Systemic route

27
Q

What are the local routes of drug administration? (there are A LOT)

A 
Skin
Nasal
Ocular
Urinary tract
Vaginal
Rectal
Mammary
Lingual
GI tract lining
Otic
Epidural
Intraspinal
Intraasynovial
28
Q

What’s a fun fact about rectal administration of metronidazole in horses?

A

Can be absorbed systemically. Useful in NPO horses that need antibiotics.

29
Q

What ailment is Manuka Honey used topically for?

A

Burns

30
Q

Pros of enteral route:

A

Convenient

Feeding tube

Potential to decontaminate if needed

31
Q

Cons of enteral route:

A

Slower onset

Inactivation by gastric pH, enzymes, microflora

Issues with absorption

GI upset

PALATABILITY!

Patient/Owner compliance

32
Q

Parenteral route of administration can be divided into these 2 main categories:

A

Injection

Inhalation

33
Q

Pros of IV drug administration

A

Rapid onset

Less irritating that injection into tissue

Ability to give larger volumes

34
Q

Cons to IV drug administration

A

Complications

Phlebitis

35
Q

What is a good IV catheter option for long-term use?

A

MILA over the wire catheter

36
Q

What are the pros to IM injections?

A

Rapid absorption

Longer duration of action than IV

Can give thicker suspensions

37
Q

What are the cons of IM injection?

A

Tissue damage

Admin site infection

38
Q

Advantages of SQ injection:

A

Slow/constant absorption

Longer duration of action

Can be given at home

39
Q

Cons of SQ injection:

A

Slow onset

Irritating drugs can’t be used

Admin site infection

40
Q

Pros of IO administration:

A

Good fluid flow

Rapid access for ER (CPR drugs)

Neonates and tiny animals

41
Q

Cons of IO administration:

A

Short term use only!

Some drugs can’t be given

Special equipment required

Painful

42
Q

Rate the methods of administration from fastest onset to slowest onset.

A 
IV/IO
Inhalation
Transmucosal
IM
SQ
Enteral

RUSVM Pharmacology (6 decks)

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