Equine Anti-inflammatory Drugs Flashcards
What type of anti-inflammatory reduces biosynthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)?
NSAIDS
Cyclooxygenase (COX) converts _________ into prostaglandins, which participate in generating inflammation and fever.
Arachidonic acid
Cyclooxygenase enzyme type that is found in all tissues and forms constitutive prostaglandins that mediate various physiologic effects such as hemostasis, GI mucosal protection, and protection of the kidney from hypotensive insult.
COX-1
Cyclooxygenase enzyme type that is activated in inflamed and damaged tissues and catalyzes formation of inducible prostaglandin (PGE2) to intensify the inflammatory response.
COX-2
Cyclooxygenase enzyme involved in thermoregulation and the pain response to injury.
COX-2
Because NSAIDS compromise the body’s natural protective mechanisms, some potential side effects are:
Toxicity Colic Protein loss Diarrhea Gastric ulcers R dorsal colitis Renal papillary necrosis
What are the 3 NSAIDS used in equine medicine?
Flunixin Meglumine
Phenylbutazone
Ketoprofen
While most NSAIDS used are both COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, this drug is strictly a COX-2 inhibitor, which leads to less negative side effects.
Previcox/Equioxx (firocoxib)
Most frequently used drugs for abdominal pain in horses
Flunixin meglumine
Phenylbutazone
This drug is a derivative of nicotinic acid, has analgesic and antipyretic effects, and is the ONLY NSAID approved for use in cattle.
Flunixin meglumine
A client’s horse just got out of its stall and overloaded on grain. Which NSAID will you administer to prevent systemic effects of endotoxemia?
Flunixin meglumine
*Studies show that pretreatment with FM prevents occurrence of clinical signs related to endotoxemia.
Although the analgesic dose of FM is 1.1 mg/kg IV, a low dose of 0.25 mg/kg TID can be indicated for endotoxemia as it reduces these potential side effects:
GI ulceration
Ileus
Renal papillary necrosis
NSAID with analgesic and antipyretic effects that can be given only once per day and is common for use in foals:
Ketoprofen
Equioxx (firocoxib) was specifically formulated for horses for which ailment?
Navicular disease
A foal with a severe Rhodococcus respiratory infection that won’t respond well enough to NSAIDS and antibiotics can be given _______ for a stronger anti-inflammatory effect.
Corticosteroids
Mechanism of action of corticosteroids:
altering mRNA synthesis
T/F: Dexamethasone can be given with a nebulizer for faster onset without being absorbed systemically?
TRUE
Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory by suppressing:
the immune response: leukocyte migration and function
What mechanism of action makes corticosteroids, applied topically, good for wounds that are healing too quickly and form too much granulation tissue (proud flesh)?
Reduction of fibroblastic activity, collagen synthesis, and tissue repair
Corticosteroids directly suppress the immune system in what ways?
Decreased cytokine production
Decreased phagocytic activity of macrophages
Suppressed neutrophil function
Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis, increasing lipolysis and redistribution of lipids, leading to:
hyperglycemia
Why should caution be used when giving glucocorticoids to insulin resistant animals?
Causes hyperglycemia, which should trigger insulin secretion. In animals that are already insulin resistant, hyperglycemia is not counteracted.
*Long term administration can also damage B-cells of the pancreas!
How does corticosteroid use lead to PU/PD?
Decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity leads to reduced ADH secretion.
How do corticosteroids result in osteoporosis and bone fracture?
Inhibit Ca++ absorption from the gut
Inhibit Ca++ reabsorption in the renal tubules
Hypocalcemia = PTH secretion = bone resorption
Apoptosis of osteoblasts
