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Audiology for SLPs > Sound and the Ear > Flashcards

Sound and the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

acoustics

A

the study of sound

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2
Q

3 prerequisites for sound production

A
  1. force
  2. a vibrating object that generates a pressure wave
  3. air
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3
Q

force

A

source of energy

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4
Q

air

A

medium of transmission

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5
Q

what is sound?

A

vibrations carried through the air in the form of pressure waves

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6
Q

sound waves are represented as…

A

sine waves

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7
Q

sine waves

A

air molecules are moving along the same axis as a function of time

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8
Q

sound is caused by…

A

vibrations of air molecules
- air molecules are set into vibration which cause them to shove together and pull apart

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9
Q

compression

A

when the air molecules are shoved together

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10
Q

rarefaction

A

when the air molecules and pulled apart

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11
Q

sound waves pass through air as a…

A

function of time

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12
Q

1 cycle equals

A

1 compression and 1 rarefaction

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13
Q

cycles per second (cps)

A
  • how many cycles are occurring per second
  • also means frequency
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14
Q

frequency

A

number of complete cycles of vibration that occur per unit of time measured in Hertz (Hz)

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15
Q

pitch

A

perception of frequency

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16
Q

determining frequency

A

counting the number of cycles per second

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17
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between waveforms

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18
Q

high frequency =

A

more cycles per second

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19
Q

low frequency =

A

fewer cycles per second

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20
Q

if the length of the waveform decreases (shortens)…

A

frequency increases (higher Hz)

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21
Q

if the length of the waveform increases (widens)…

A

frequency decreases (lower Hz)

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22
Q

pascal (Pa)

A
  • unit of measurement for sound pressure
  • linear measure scale
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23
Q

human hearing sensitivity ranges from…

A

0.0002 dynes/cm(2) to 2000 dynes/cm(2)

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24
Q

decibel (dB)

A
  • uses a logarithmic scale to make human hearing sound measurement manageable
  • non-linear
  • measure of intensity
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25
Q

dB is a non-linear measurement meaning…

A

0 dB does not mean 0 sound

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26
Q

intensity

A

physical property of an acoustic signal

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27
Q

loudness

A

subjective, perception

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28
Q

dB will have a suffix attached indicating…

A

how it is being used

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29
Q

dB SPL

A
  • decibel sound pressure level
  • calibration, sound measurements
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30
Q

dB HL

A
  • decibel hearing level
  • audiograms
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31
Q

dB SL

A
  • decibel sesnation level
  • intensity above someone’s threshold
  • speech audiometry
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32
Q

the human ear is a…

A

transducer

33
Q

the human ear as a transducer

A
  • changes 1 form of energy to another
  • acoustic to fluid/electrical
34
Q

sound travels…

A

through the air and into the outer ear

35
Q

the middle ear is an…

A

impendence matching transducer that changes energy to fluid

36
Q

pinna is also known as the…

A

auricle

37
Q

2 parts of the external auditory meatus

A
  1. cartilaginous
  2. bony
38
Q

cartilaginous part of the EAM

A
  • outermost portion
  • contains hair and cerumen
39
Q

body part of the EAM

A
  • innermost portion
  • extends to temporal bone
40
Q

purpose of the external auditory meatus

A
  • protect tympanic membrane from trauma
  • act as a tube resonator for efficient sound transfer
  • maintain temperature and humidity levels
  • acts as a filter to reduce low frequencies
41
Q

tympanic membrane

A

concave, disk-like, opaque

42
Q

3 layers of the tympanic membrane

A
  1. skin
  2. fibrous connective tissue
  3. mucous membrane
43
Q

pars tensa

A

2/3 of tympanic membrane contains all 3 layers

44
Q

pars flaccida

A

1/3 of tympanic membrane contain only 2 layers (skin and mucous membrane)

45
Q

ossicles

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
46
Q

malleus

A

attached to tympanic membrane and incus

47
Q

incus

A

attached to malleus and stapes

48
Q

stapes

A

attached to incus and embedded into oval window

49
Q

eustachian tube

A

connected to the nasopharynx and is at an angle in adults

50
Q

children’s eustachian tube is horizontal, resulting in…

A

higher likelihood of ear infections

51
Q

the eustachian tube is normally…

A

closed

52
Q

when does the eustachian tube open?

A

when you yawn, sneeze, or swallow

53
Q

what does the eustachian tube do?

A

equalizes the air in front of and behind the tympanic membrane

54
Q

stapedius and tensor tympani muscles

A
  • contract in response to an intense sound as a form of protection
  • averages a 15-20 dB decreases in sound pressure
  • bilateral respons
55
Q

when the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles contract…

A

they stiffen the ossicular chain

56
Q

purpose of the inner ear: cochlear

A

hearing

57
Q

purpose of the inner ear: vestibular portion including semicircular canals

A

balance

58
Q

purpose of the inner ear

A

to transduce the mechanical energy delivered from the ME into a form of energy that can be interpreted by the brain (electrochemical energy)

59
Q

auditory labyrinth: cochlea

A

sensory end organ of hearing

60
Q

vestibular labyrinth consists of…

A
  • semicircular canals
  • utricle and saccule
61
Q

semicircular canals

A

sensory end organ of balance

62
Q

utricle and saccule

A

additional organs of balance

63
Q

cochlear chambers

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala media
  • scala tympani
64
Q

scala vestibuli

A

filled with perilymph fluid

65
Q

scala media

A
  • middle most chamber
  • filled with endolymph fluid
66
Q

scala tympani

A

filled with perilymph fluid

67
Q

cochlear fluids

A
  • perilymph fluid
  • endolymph fluid
  • endocochlear potential
68
Q

perilymph fluid

A

high sodium, low potassium

69
Q

endolymph fluid

A

low sodium, high potassium

70
Q

endocochlear potential

A

opposite potentials help with neurotransmission of sounds

71
Q

basilar membrane

A
  • sits on the floor of the scala media
  • houses the organ of corti
72
Q

the organ of corti houses our hair cells…

A

1 row of inner hair cells and 3 rows of outer hair cells

73
Q

why do we lose higher frequencies first?

A

because they are on the outer portion and are more vulnerable

74
Q

retrocochlear pathway

A
  • beyond the cochlea
  • 8 nerves and brainstem
75
Q

auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

A
  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
76
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

caused by outer and/or middle ear dysfunction

77
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

caused by inner ear dysfunction

78
Q

mixed hearing loss

A

caused by outer and/or middle and inner ear dysfunction

Audiology for SLPs (12 decks)

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