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CTB > SOS > Flashcards

SOS Flashcards

1
Q

Majority of the microbes that cause oral disease are ___

A

bacteria and bacterial structure

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2
Q

inflammation of the gums is called

A

gingivitis

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3
Q

Oral microbiome is composed of __1.__, whereas mycobiome is composed of _2.___

A
  1. bacterium

2. fungi

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4
Q

T/F: bacteria have a true nucleus

A

False. Bacteria have a NUCLEOID (nuclear membrane absent). Also no membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Bacterial cell multiplication occurs by ___ ___

A

bianry fission (dividing in two). 1—2—4—8—16—. Each daughter cell has the same DNA as parent cell

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6
Q

4 general composonents of bacterial structure

A

a. surface structures (ex flagella, fimbriae, pili, capsule/slime layer)
b. cell wall
c. cytoplasmic membrane
d. cytoplasm

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7
Q

What structure allows motility in bacteria?

A

flagella

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8
Q

flagella are composed of multiple subunits of the protein ____

A

flagellin

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9
Q

Function of fimbriae

A
  • fimbriae are shorter and straighter than flagella
  • found all over bacterial cell
  • aid in BACTERIAL ATTACHMENT to surfaces or to other bacteria
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10
Q

what surface structure serve to promote gene transfer between bacteria and attachment?

A

pili

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11
Q

Which is more numerous in bacteria? Pili or fimbrae?

A

Pili < fimbrae

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12
Q

a slime layer is (more/less) diffuse than a capsule

A

more

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13
Q

Capsule / slime-layer serve to promote:

A

a) adhesion to tissue surfaces
b) evasion of phagocytosis by immune cells
c) provides resistance to environmental stress (eg. drying)
d) acts as disguise from an immune response
e) supply of emergency food resevoir

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14
Q

Which strain of bacteria was isolated from an adult patient with periodontitis?

A

P. gingivalis

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15
Q

Which strain of bacteria was isolated form a patient with cystic fibrosis?

A

P. aeruginosa

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16
Q

What acids present in the cell wall of the mycolata taxon and what effect does this have?

A

Mycolic acids. These prevent gram staining

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17
Q

roughly 50% of periodontitis patients harbour ____

A

methanogens

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18
Q

The amount of methanogens increases with increasing ____ ___

A

pocket depth

19
Q

Methanogen abundance is positively correclated with ____ ____ (an obligatiev anaerobe)

A

prevotella intermedia

20
Q

Peptidoglycan function

A
  • mech protection
  • activates alternative complement pathways (induces inflammation via C3a and C5a)
  • Gram + cells are more resistant to detergents and complement
21
Q

What is found on the outer membrane of Gram -ve bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides. Used as an ADHESIVE. Highly toxic to animals

22
Q

Lipopolysaccharides consist of:

A
  • lipid A region (toxic)
  • R polysaccharide core region
  • carbohydrate chains (O region, antigenic)
23
Q

Lypopolysaccharide activates…

A

alternative complement pathway (LPS induces inflammation)

24
Q

Lipopolysaccharides act as barriers to what?

A

large and hydrophobic molecules.

Lysosomes and antimicrobials

25
Q

Purified LPS causes

A

fever, intravasculat coagulation, hypotension, shock and may even cause death

26
Q

Lipid A is highly conserved among gram ____ bacteria

A

negative

in the cell wall

27
Q

What does lipid A do

A

-induces monocytes and macrophages to release proinflammatory mediators (eg. cytokines, which are molecules that help the cell move)
-Activated coagulation cascade
LIPID A IS A POTENT STIMULATOR OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

28
Q

Which acids are present in gram +ve cell walls?

A

teichoic acids.

  • strong neg charge
  • strong antigens
  • used as an adhesin
  • not present in most gram -ve bacteria
29
Q

T/F: cytoplasmic membrane is a phospholipid bilayer in gram -ve and +ve bacteria

A

true

30
Q

Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane:

A
  • selective barrier
  • transport in and out of cell
  • secretion
  • NRG generation (ATP synthesis)
31
Q

gene transfer in bacteria

A
  1. conjugation
  2. transduction
  3. transformation
  4. transposition
32
Q

What causes antibiotic resistance?

A

“jumping genes.” One gene integrates into another, causing destruction of the sequence in the other gene (transposition)

33
Q

based on type of action, antibiotics are either __ or __-

A

bacteriostatic or bactiocidal

34
Q

antibiotic synergism

A

when 2 bactericidal antibiotics are given together and exert a greater effect than when given seperately

35
Q

antibiotic antagonism

A

when a bacteriostatic and a bactericidal antibiotic are given together and their effectiveness is reduced

36
Q

penicillin is only effective against gram ___ bacteria

A

positive

37
Q

Common cellular target of antibiotics

A
  • cell wall (eg. penicillin)
  • cell membrane
  • nucleic acids
  • protein synthesis
  • antimetabolites (enzymes)
38
Q

Which taste receptors are activated by multiple antibiotics?

A

chemosensory BITTER taste receptors (T2Rs)

39
Q

From where should sample be taken when examining ECC (early childhood caries?

A

from plaque bacteria, since this is different from bacteria in the buccal cavity and spit

40
Q

plaque bacteria associated with caries

A
  • streptococcus mutans (+) = cocci
  • streptococcus sanguis (+) = cocci
  • actinomyces spp (+) = branching rods
  • lactobacillus (+) = rods
41
Q

Angular chailitis

A
  • often confused with cold sores

- caused by staphylococcus aureus

42
Q

The oral micloflora are mostly __1.__, but changes in physiological conditions results in some of the oral microflora turning into 2.____ ____

A
  1. commensals

2. opportunistic pathogens

43
Q

Major oral habitats

A
  1. buccal mucosa (inside the cheek)
  2. dorsum of tongue (highest concentration)
  3. tooth surfaces
  4. cervicular epithelium
44
Q

Physiological roles of gingival epithelium

A
  • protects against invasion by periodontal pathogen

- barrier

CTB (7 decks)

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