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CTB > Buhllar immune system > Flashcards

Buhllar immune system Flashcards

1
Q

The bacterial immune system is termed ___

A

CRISPR-Cas

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2
Q

Explain the type II CRISPR-Cas system in adaptive nucleic acid restriction

A
  • Foreign DNA is recognized by Cas1 and Cas2 and is processed into a new spacer sequence within the CRISPR array (remember, crispr has repeated sequences of DNA with spacers in between the repeats)
  • To restrict foreign DNA, the CRISPR array is transcribed as a single transcript (pre-cRNA array) and matured into small targeting crRNAs in a process requiring RNAse III and tracrRNA. The dsRNA complex of crRHNA and tracrRNA is associated with Cas9 and the spacer sequence within the crRNA can hybridie to complementary DNA sequences.
  • Cas9 then mediated cleavage of the targeted DNA downstream of the proto-spacer adjacent motif, or PAM. This allows for the removal of invading DNA
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3
Q

3 Non-specific defense mechanisms

A

a) mechanical barriers (eg. skin)
b) mucous membranes
c) phagocytic cells

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4
Q

Define immunity

A

the ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against infectious agent

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5
Q

susceptibility

A

opposite of immunity. Vulnerability of host to harm by infectious agents

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6
Q

Define immunology

A

study of adaptive immunity and how the immune system responds to specific infectious agents and toxins

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7
Q

Features of immune system

A
  1. Recognition: differentiate between self and non-self
  2. Specificity: ability to respond to various antigens in a specific manner
  3. Immunologic memory:exposure of immune system to an antigen leaves an imprint that primes the cells to respond in an antigen specific fashion in the future
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8
Q

Where does the process of tolerance take place?

A

in the BONE MARROW and THYMUS. Removes those lymphocytes that have receptors for self antigens

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9
Q

Primary and secondary lymphoid tissues

A

primary: bone marrow and thymus
Secondary: spleen and lymph nodes

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10
Q

all cells of the immune system are initially derived from:

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

B cells are produced by

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

What types of cells are produced by the thymus?

A

mature T cells

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13
Q

Immature ___ also known as prothymocytes, leave the ___ and migrate to the thymus to mature

A

Immature THYMOCYTES also known as prothymocytes, leave the BONE MARROW and migrate to the thymus to mature

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14
Q

When does the thymus reach its peak weight?

A

at puverty, after which point it begins to recede

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15
Q

function of the spleen

A

filter blood. Detect evidence of infectiuos agents or other contaminants. CRITICAL LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST BLOOD PATHOGENS

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16
Q

Spleen is made up of which cells?

A

B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and RBCs

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17
Q

____are filtered out of the lymph in the lymph node

A

antigens

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18
Q

if infection develops, what can happen to lymph nodes?

A

swelling

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19
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

a type of WBC that makes antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease.
Found in the blood and lymphatic tissue.
Attack viruses, bacteria and other microorganisms

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20
Q

B cell

A
  • mature in the bone marrow and move into lymph nodes and spleen
  • make antibodies in response to antigens
  • antibodies bind to antigens, marking them for destruction
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21
Q

t cell

A
  • mature in the thymus
  • gather in lymph nodes and spleen
  • directly attack foreign invaders and cancer cells.
  • signal other immune system cells to areas where they are needed
  • make lymphokines which activate other cells and substances
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22
Q

3 types of T cells:

A
  • helper t cells stimulate B cells to make antibodies and help killer t cells work better
  • killer t cells destroy cancer cells and cells containing foreign substances
  • suppressor t cells make substances that help turn off the immune system response
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23
Q

Function of natural killer (NK) cells

A
  • made in the bone marrow

- attach themselves to cells infected with croorganisms (ex. viruses and bacteria) and to cancer cells

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24
Q

What are granulocytes

A

white blood cells that fight infection
-contain granules filled with chemicals that hep destroy microoganisms and contribute to inflammatory and allergic responses

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25
Q

3 granulocytes

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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26
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • ingest and destroy bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other foreign cells by phagocytosis
  • Body’s primary defense against harmful bacteria
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27
Q

eosinophil

A
  • kill parasites

- play a role in allergic reactions

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28
Q

basophil

A
  • release histamine and play a role in allergic reactions

- produce substances that attract neutrophils and eosinophils to an area to help fight infection

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29
Q

what are APCs and what do they do?

A
  • Antigen-presenting cells

- surround foreign invaders and present the antigens from these foreign invaders to T cells and B cells for a response

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30
Q

2 APCs

A

phagocyte, dendritic cell

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31
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

-large EBCs that destroy foreign or damaged cells by phagocytosis

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32
Q

2 types of phagocytes

A
  • monocyte

- macrophage (which produce cytokines)

33
Q

Dendritic cell

A

type of WBC found in lymph nodes, skin and some organs. These ingest and break an antigen into pieces then stimulate T cells to destroy the antigen

34
Q

T cells detect the presence of foreign substances by way of surface proteins called:

A

T-cell receptors

35
Q

T helper cells are also called

A

CD4+ T cells

36
Q

T killer cells also called

A

CD8+ T cells

37
Q

define epitope

A

area on the molecule to which antibodies can bind

38
Q

define hapten

A

small molecule that can act as an antigen if it binds to a larger protein molecule

39
Q

Antibodies eliminate invading or foreign toxins by 3 mechanisms

A
  • antibody enhanced phagocytosis
  • complement mediated cell killing
  • antibody-dependent cell killing (killer cells)
40
Q

antibodies are produces by which cells of the immune system?

A

B cells

41
Q

What happens when a B cell encounters the kind of antigen that triggers it to become active?

A
  • it gives rise to PLASMA CELLS, which produce ANTIBODIES

- Plasma cells do not divide further and die after days of antibody production

42
Q

structure of antibodies:

A
  • consist of 2 heavy and 2 light chains held together by disulphide bonds
  • carbohydrate attached to the heavy chain
43
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgA IgD IgE IgG and IgM

44
Q

Which is the major Ig in blood?

A

IgG

45
Q

what does IgG do?

A

coats bacteria and the Fc binds to the receptors on the phagocytes

46
Q

Which Ig can cross the placenta and protect newbrn?

A

IgG

47
Q

which Ig exists as a pentamerand has 10 antigen binding sites?

A

IgM

48
Q

Which Ig is good at activating the complement system?

A

IgM

49
Q

Major Ig in secretions?

A

IgA: milk, tears, saiva, Gi tract and respiratory tract

50
Q

IgA is important in __ immunity

A

local

51
Q

Which is the least common Ig in the blood and what does it do?

A

IgE
Binds strongly to receptors on Mast cells and Basophils
-too much IgE is bad (allergic reactions)

52
Q

humoral immunity : __ cells

Celular immunity: __ cells

A

humoral: B cells
cellular: t cells

53
Q

define tolerance in the immune system

A

tolerance means the inability to generate a positive immune response to a specific antigen.

  • usually achieved by prior exposure to specific antigens
  • we are usually tolerant to self antigens
54
Q

5 proposed major avenues through which an individual may develop an autimmune disease

A
  1. response to Ags that do not normally circulate in the blood
  2. A response to an altered Ag
  3. A response to an altered Ag that is shared or cross-reactive with self-Ags
  4. a mutation in immunocompetent cells to acquire a responsiveness to self-antigens
  5. a loss of immunoregulatory power by Th, Ts, and Tc cells
55
Q

Is sjogrens syndrome systemic or localized autoimmune disease?

A

systemic

56
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • Ab-mediated autoimmune disease
  • target antigen is alpha chain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the neuromuscular junction
  • autoantibodies act as antagonist
  • symptoms of muscle weakness, double vision,etc
57
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A
  • autoimmune disease affecting salivary glands, tear glands and other systems
  • secondary disease can be associated with other disorders
  • more common in females
  • belueved to be triggered by a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors
  • causes xerostomia, which leads to increased dental problems
  • treatment of dry mouth with artificial saliva and drygs
58
Q

Primary symptoms of sjogrens syndrome

A

dry eye and dry mouth (cracked tongue, sore throat, difficulty talking and swallowing, difficulty eating, increased cavities, mouth sores, cracked lips)

59
Q

Two AIDS virus:

A

HIV-1 and HIV-2

60
Q

Which HIV is predominantly found in Africa? Western World?

A

Africa - HIV-2

WW - HIV-1

61
Q

Which is worse/more severe symptoms? HIV 1 or 2?

A

HIV-1 (in western world)

62
Q

HIV is a retrovirus that contains reverse ____

A

transcriptase

63
Q

HIV is cytopathic. What does this mean

A

it causes changes to infected cell

64
Q

Shape of HIV and how many spikes?

A

spherical, 72 spikes

65
Q

what do the HIV spikes contain?

A

the env gp120 and gp41 glycoproteins

66
Q

gp120 binds to a receptors on ____. What occurs?

A

CD4 lymphocytes.
This stimulates proteolytic cleavage of gp120; exposes gp41 to fuse with a receptor on the lymphocyte surface
-HIV is internalized

67
Q

Main difference between HIV 1 and 2

A

regulatory gene, vpu, is not present in HIV-2

68
Q

HIV encodes for 3 structural genes:

A

a) group specific antigen (gag): p24, p7, p17
b) envelope (env): gp120, gp41
c) polymerase (pol): reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease

69
Q

steps in the HIV replication cycle:

A
  1. fusion of the HIV cell to the host cell surface
  2. HIV RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and other viral proteins enter the host cell
  3. viral DNA is formed by reverse transcription
  4. viral DNA is transported across the nucleus and integrates into the host DNA
  5. new viral RNA is used as genomic RNA and to make viral proteins
  6. new viral rna and proteins move to cell surface and a new, immature, HIV virus forms
  7. The virus matures by protease releasing individual HIV proteins
70
Q

Importance of reverse transcriptase

A
  • crucial for integration into host’s DNA
  • HIV has a set of transactivators that control transcription; most important are tat and rev
  • Tat stimulates and promotes elongation of transcripts
  • rev acts at post-transcriptional level to regulate viral mRNA transport from the nucleus, and the splicing of long HIV transcripts
71
Q

Which cell type doe HIV specifically attack?

A

t-helper cell, which coordinates the immune system’s response to infections

72
Q

How does HIV gain entry to the t-helper cell?

A

by attaching itself to the CD4 protein on the surface of the cell. It then takes over the cell and replicates, seeking new T-helper cells to infect

73
Q

4 stages of HIV

A
  1. primary HIV infection: patient unaware. 3 months into infection, might experience flu-like symptoms that subside within 2 weeks
  2. asymptomatic stage: no symptoms manifest, but virus remains active
  3. Symptomatic stage: individual feels unwell and experiences infections caused b bacteria and viruses
  4. AIDS: CD4 count is less than 200. Serious diseases
74
Q

How to measure virus progression?

A

CD4 count

75
Q

Why are CD4 cells important?

A

they induce B cell proliferation, induce Tc cell maturation, and perform other roles in the overall immune system

76
Q

What is AZT?

A
  • azidothymidine is an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase
  • can depress HIV replication
  • can cause bone-marrow depression i given for prolonged periods
77
Q

CCR5

A
  • protein on the surface of WBCs that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines
  • many forms of HIV initially use CCR5 to enter and infect host cells
  • the CCR5 receptor works with CD4 to allow the HIV to enter cells
  • MANY PEOPLE WHO ARE RESISTANT TO HIV HAVE A MUTATION IN THE CCR5 GENE CALLED CCR5-deta32
  • CCR5-delta32 mutation results in a smaller protein that isn’t on the outside of the cell aymore
78
Q

Most forms of HIV cannot infect cells if there is no ___ on the surfface

A

CCR5

79
Q

Deleting which gene can help individuals fight HIV infection?

A

CCR5

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