Some Unusual Sound Changes

Question 1

Initial Consonant Deletion (ICD)

Answer 1

Word initial consonants are deleted. “Normal” only for /h/; common in severe disorders; rare for stops

Question 2

Atypical Cluster Reduction (ACR)

Answer 2

The “unmarked” element of a cluster is deleted. (Examples may simply be put under /s/ CR, etc.)

Question 3

Glottal Replacement (GR)

Answer 3

Consonant sounds are replaced by a glottal stop, usually in intervocalic or final position. (Normal for /t, d/ in some dialects)

Question 4

Velarization/Backing to Velars (BK)

Answer 4

Front sounds are replaced by velars; may include front fricatives

Question 5

Lateralization (LAT)

Answer 5

Fricatives (generally sibilants) are produced with later emission or replaced by a lateral fricative [ɬ]

Question 6

Neutralization (N)

Answer 6

One sound is used in place of several different adult sounds, so that adult phonemic contrasts are “neutralized” or “merged,” e.g. neutralization of initial fricatives to [j]