Changes in Manner of Articulation

Question 1

Stopping (ST)

Answer 1

Fricatives/affricates are replaced by stops. Begins to disappear by 2.5-3 for most sounds, but persists for some fricatives, e.g., /ð, v/ – very common

Question 2

Gliding of Fricatives (GF)

Answer 2

Fricatives are replaced by glides. Not as common as stopping

Question 3

Gliding of Liquids (GL)

Answer 3

Liquids are replaced by glides. Up to 4;0 for /l/; longer for /r/ – the most common

Question 4

Vocalization (V)

Answer 4

Syllabic or postvocalic liquids are replaced by vowels. Exhibited by some 4-year-olds

Question 5

Affrication (AF)

Answer 5

Fricatives are replaced by affricates

Question 6

Deaffrication (DA)

Answer 6

Affricates are replaced by fricatives (e.g. tʃ -> ʃ, dʒ -> ʒ)