some ao1 terms Flashcards
what is sound iconicity?
the use of the sound system to mirror form or meaning
what is neology?
the process of new word formation, including blends, compounds, acronyms, initialisms, eponyms etc
what is a head word?
the central word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name (eg noun phrase, adjective phrase) and may be modified by other words
what is modification?
the adding of additional words to provide mor detail to a head word in a phrase, either before it (pre-modification) or after it (post-modification)
what is the active voice?
a clause where the agent of an action is the subject
what is the passive voice
a clause where the patient (the entity affected by an action) is in the subject position, and the agent either follows or is left out
what is aspect?
another element of marking the time of an event, by specifying whether they are progressive (ongoing) or perfective (completed)
what is coordination?
the joining of two or more independent clauses via coordinating conjunctions.
single words and longer phrases can also be coordinated.
what is subordination?
the joining of two or more clauses where only one is independent (the main clause) and the others dependent (subordinate clause/clauses)
what are minor sentences?
sentences without a verb
what is implicature?
an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken
what is irony?
using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed
what is deixis?
words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is being referred to, where something is happening or when it is happening
what are discourse markers?
words, phrases or clauses that help to organise what we say or write (eg OK, So, As I was saying…)
what are disjuncts?
sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows
eg ‘Sadly, not one of them survived.’
what is an adjunct?
non-essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted
eg I’ll see you in the morning
what is anaphoric reference?
making reference back to something previously identified in a text
often using pronouns to refer to an already established reference point
what is cataphoric reference
making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text
what is exophoric reference?
making reference to things beyond the language beyond the language of a text itself
what is interdiscursivity
the use of discourses from one field as part of another
eg the use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products
what is a fronted adverbial
an adverb or adverbial placed at the start of the sentence
what is a clause of concession
A concessive clause is a part of a sentence that starts with words like “although,” “even though,” or “in spite of.” It adds information that goes against what you might expect based on the main part of the sentence.
what is a defining relative clause
provides essential information to understand the sentence
what is a non defining relative clause
provides extra, non essential information
