some ao1 terms

Question 1

what is sound iconicity?

Answer 1

the use of the sound system to mirror form or meaning

Question 2

what is neology?

Answer 2

the process of new word formation, including blends, compounds, acronyms, initialisms, eponyms etc

Question 3

what is a head word?

Answer 3

the central word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name (eg noun phrase, adjective phrase) and may be modified by other words

Question 4

what is modification?

Answer 4

the adding of additional words to provide mor detail to a head word in a phrase, either before it (pre-modification) or after it (post-modification)

Question 5

what is the active voice?

Answer 5

a clause where the agent of an action is the subject

Question 6

what is the passive voice

Answer 6

a clause where the patient (the entity affected by an action) is in the subject position, and the agent either follows or is left out

Question 7

what is aspect?

Answer 7

another element of marking the time of an event, by specifying whether they are progressive (ongoing) or perfective (completed)

Question 8

what is coordination?

Answer 8

the joining of two or more independent clauses via coordinating conjunctions.

single words and longer phrases can also be coordinated.

Question 9

what is subordination?

Answer 9

the joining of two or more clauses where only one is independent (the main clause) and the others dependent (subordinate clause/clauses)

Question 10

what are minor sentences?

Answer 10

sentences without a verb

Question 11

what is implicature?

Answer 11

an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken

Question 12

what is irony?

Answer 12

using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed

Question 13

what is deixis?

Answer 13

words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is being referred to, where something is happening or when it is happening

Question 14

what are discourse markers?

Answer 14

words, phrases or clauses that help to organise what we say or write (eg OK, So, As I was saying…)

Question 15

what are disjuncts?

Answer 15

sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows

eg ‘Sadly, not one of them survived.’

Question 16

what is an adjunct?

Answer 16

non-essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted

eg I’ll see you in the morning

Question 17

what is anaphoric reference?

Answer 17

making reference back to something previously identified in a text

often using pronouns to refer to an already established reference point

Question 18

what is cataphoric reference

Answer 18

making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text

Question 19

what is exophoric reference?

Answer 19

making reference to things beyond the language beyond the language of a text itself

Question 20

what is interdiscursivity

Answer 20

the use of discourses from one field as part of another

eg the use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products

Question 21

what is a fronted adverbial

Answer 21

an adverb or adverbial placed at the start of the sentence

Question 22

what is a clause of concession

Answer 22

A concessive clause is a part of a sentence that starts with words like “although,” “even though,” or “in spite of.” It adds information that goes against what you might expect based on the main part of the sentence.

Question 23

what is a defining relative clause

Answer 23

provides essential information to understand the sentence

Question 24

what is a non defining relative clause

Answer 24

provides extra, non essential information