Somatosensory System Flashcards
1
Q
Sensory information arising from receptors that are distributed across wide areas of the body, primarily tactile and prop
A
Somatosensory, Will affect what is happening in the entire body
2
Q
A collection of several systems that provides info about the body
A
Somatosensory system
3
Q
Three main functions of __________ include Prop, exteroception, and interoception
A
Somatosensation
4
Q
One function of somatosensation which allows us to sense our own body, involving sensations from muscles, joints, tendons and skin
A
Proprioception
5
Q
Why do we include “skin” as one of the sources of sensation (under prop) when discussing somatosensation?
A
Add skin in prop because in order to figure out that you have something very small in your hand, you close your small joints and stretch skin over joints, which tells you how far you bend that joint. Also stretching skin over the joint
6
Q
T/F: Deep pressure and prop use the same receptors
A
False. Different receptors are used to interpret prop vs deep pressure
7
Q
One function of somatosensation: the sense of direct interactions with the external world as it impacts on the body including touch, heat, cold and pain
A
Exteroception
8
Q
Where are the receptors for prop located?
A
Receptors located in the joints and ligaments
9
Q
T/F: In tx, we want the client to use prop via passive movement e.g., joint compressions
A
False. We want client to perform active movement with resistance. If you move someone’s arm or do joint compressions, prop receptors will act, but not active. If have kid weight bare on hands on table, adding prop b/c not something he normally does
10
Q
Function of somatosensation; sense of the functions and state of internal body organs
A
Interoception.
11
Q
T/F: A child with low tone often has decreased interoception
A
True. With low tone, affects the info they’re receiving. Often has bowel, GI problems
12
Q
Perception of information from touch receptors in the skin; includes pressure (static and dynamic), vibration, localization of touch, point discrimination, stereognosis
A
Tactile Perception
13
Q
Perception of body and limb position
A
Proprioception
14
Q
A special category of proprioception; a perception of body and limb positions during movement, sometimes defined as conscious awareness of body and limb position
A
Kinesthesia. Receptors are the same, but processed in diff. parts of CNS and carried through different pathways
15
Q
The following is not a function of tactile perception and proprioception (somatosensation)? A. Physical Safety B. Connection with the social world C. Development of body scheme and praxis D. Motor Learning E. Development of motor skills F. Refinement of movement G. Language development H. Influence on state regulation (arousal & activation)
A
G. Language development
16
Q
How does tactile perception and prop aid in a connection with the social world for infants?
A
Through touch newborns are calmed down
17
Q
T/F: children have more tactile receptors throughout their limbs than their mouth
A
False. They have more receptors in the oral area
18
Q
Why do children often put items in or around their mouth?
A
- They have more receptors in the oral area.
- They may also be seeking prop, but must look at force with which one is putting objects in mouth. If just moving around lightly, seeking touch. But if clenching jaw, seeking prop.
- However, exploring with mouth is normal behavior
19
Q
Why is tactile perception important as a child explores his environment?
A
Children do everything through touch e.g., putting objects in/around mouth
20
Q
T/F: When we observe a child moving, we are seeing motor planning, whereas we cannot see body scheme
A
True. Body scheme is intermediate process between senses and praxis (motor planning)
21
Q
T/F: Children with decreased tactile discrimination often have increased motor planning
A
False. Children with decreased tactile discrimination often have decreased motor planning–well studied in SI.
22
Q
If you are treating a child with autism and motor planning problems, how do we find out if this is related to poor SI (tactile discrimination specifically) in a clinical setting?
A
- Give light touch and see if the child reacts to input–if he is underresponsive or responds only once in a while, will have a tactile discrimination problem
- If he cries, he is overresponsive–not linked to motor planning
23
Q
T/F: Exteroception is critical, although not often assessed in the field of SI
A
False. Interoception is critical, although not often assessed in the field of SI. May be related to bowel or bladder control among children with SI problems.
24
Q
T/F: Chemoreceptors monitor and contribute to regulation of organ functions (e.g., blood gasses and pH) while mechanoreceptors detect pressure (e.g., gastric, bowel, and bladder distention)
A
True. Part of interoception
25
What is the first sensory system to mature in utero and the most mature system at birth?
The tactile system: Phylogenetically old system for gathering info from the environment
26
T/F: We are conscious of tactile sensations most of the time
False. We are NOT conscious of tactile sensations most of the time
27
General Tactile System Functions include all except which of the following:
A. Emotional bonding: contact comfort
B. Emotion and arousal regulation
C. Detection and perception of objects and materials that contact skin
D. Evokes protective as well as exploratory action
E. Contributes to development of body scheme and praxis
F. Associated with gross motor coordination
F. associated with FINE motor, not gross motor coordination. Important role in object manipulation, such as tool use. With decreased tactile discrimination, feel like you have glove on--influences fine motor
28
What are qualitative vs. quantitative aspects of tactile stimuli?
- Qualitative: nature of stimulus; WHAT is it? What are its properties? WHERE is it?
- Quantitative: intensity of stimulus; HOW intense?
- Qual, Quant, and affective are affected in children with problems
29
Aspects of tactile stimuli that refer to the amount of pleasure or displeasure that one experiences
Affective aspects. Most perceptions don't have affective rxns. Children with problems may put emotional quality on stimuli that doesn't have emotional aspect with it. Overresponsiveness is related to the emotional responses and qualities you give to something. BUT need to look at environment--what else is going on when you see affective quality--could be there is too much going on around
30
Many reflexes are elicited by _______ input at birth
Many reflexes are elicited by tactile input at birth e.g., rooting, sucking, grasp
31
One of the first means of environmental interactions is elicited via this system
Tactile System. Emotional and sensorimotor interactions with the environment. It is one of the first ways a child interacts with the outside world
32
Why is it important to look at systems that develop early on e.g., tactile system?
Need to look at systems that develop early b/c they impact how the CNS develops. B/c tactile develops early, many reflexives we test early on are tactile
33
T/F: Hand to mouth motor pattern occurs only after birth
False. Occurs very early in utero and within 6 hours after birth
34
How may overresponsiveness to touch affect an infant's predictable developmental sequence of tactual exploration?
If child is developing typically, explores body with hands and puts hands to knees, hands to toes, and developing abdominal. If he has an overresponsiveness to touch while exploring, not going to have same pleasure that would normally have, so will stop doing. So, if he stops exercising, will have decreased abdominal work. In tx, often see hanging abdomin and decreased flexion. If stop doing, will affect motor development
35
T/F: Emergence of tactile recognition memory for objects occurs by 5 years of age
False. occurs within 1 year of age.
36
T/F: Sucking-swallowing, rooting, foot grasp, stepping, and hand grasp are all early sensory reflexes
True
37
T/F: Results of the stereognosis determine the presence of a tactile discrimination problem
False. Need to assess in many different ways:
| -Does he localize? Steoreognosis?
38
T/F: According to data from the SIPT, by the age of 4-5, a child has the ability to accurately identify the location of a single tactile stimulus similar to adult ability. Stereognosis occurs around the same time.
False. Stereognosis is more complex, and continues to develop through childhood
39
In multiple studies, Ayres found significant associations between scores on _______________ tests and motor planning tests.
In multiple studies, Ayres found significant associations between scores on tactile perception tests and motor planning tests. This led her to theorize that tactile perception is an important contributor to the development of praxis
40
In the groundbreaking studies of Harry Harlow, infant monkeys preferred a cuddly surrogate mother without food, not a wire mother with food. What did these studies show?
"Contact-comfort" is critical to social-emotional development
- Importance of early SI
- With children with sensory issues, going to be deprived of sensations not b/c of parental enrichment, but because nervous system deprives of sensory experiences.
- Monkeys' experiences stayed with them for life
- Mary Schreider did similar studies using alcohol
41
Studies show that rats and monkeys raised in isolation experienced increased anxiety, heightened emotional reactivity to stressful events, and impaired learning. This shows that _________ is critical in infancy
Nurturing tactile contact with caregiver is critical in infancy. Mice separated from their mothers show long-term changes in behavior and brain development. Early caregiver neglect may change the way the brain is wired.
42
T/F: We sometimes see children from an environment that is not rich in different types of sensory experience. We can then assume that these sensory deprivations are due to developmental issues that we see.
False. Need to be able to differentiate if problems are due to secondary issues related to the environment or if a child is born with them
43
What kind of interventions had positive physiological effects on infants?
Gentle tactile interventions.
- Rats separated from mother have student growth; human simulation of maternal stroking led to production of growth hormone and catch-up of physical growth
- Human premature infants benefit from tactile interventions in NICU: physiologically (weight, respiration); behaviorally (improved state regulation, attentiveness, decreased crying)
44
T/F: As OTs, we can implement tactile stimulation via massage therapy to make behavioral/developmental changes for the long run.
False. Results from massage are temporary (not what we do). We work on tactile related to movement--active. We need to incorporate touch in tx while kid is moving.
45
Research on effects of touch therapy for healthy preterm infants (Tiffany Field and colleagues) displayed which of the following improvements in infants?
A. Facilitates weight gain in preterm infants
B. Reduces stress hormones
C. Alleviates depressive symptoms
D. Reduces pain
E. Improves immune function
F. Alters EEG in the direction of heightened awareness
G. Reduces length of hospitalization
H. A and C
I. All of the above
I. All of the above.
| Note: We need to incorporate touch into tx while kid is moving--active
46
T/F: Touch effects brain development
True. Brain scans of infant rodents who were deprived of physical contact with their mothers appear different from those who had physical contact
47
Human children deprived of what kind of input present in the following ways:
- Have significant developmental delays
- Often present autistic-like behaviors, which emerge at about 6 months of age
- Very often have severe sensory modulation problems, usually involving the tactile system
Human children deprived of a nurturing caregiver. These findings suggest that nurturance, including touch, enables the infant to have a normally developing system emotionally
48
The DCML tract is responsible for ________ touch
The DCML tract is related to discriminative touch, touch pressure, and proprioceptive info. Related to problems with tactile discrimination.
49
Where does discrimination occur in the brain?
Discrimination (DCML tract) occurs at the primary sensory cortex--travels from thalamus
50
The STT tract is responsible for what kind of touch responses?
STT:
- Pain, temp, diffuse (spread over wide area) touch
- Affective touch, sexual communication
- Role in social communication, emotional responses
- Related to problems with tactile overresponsiveness/defensiveness
51
Where does tactile defensiveness occur in the brain?
Tactile defensiveness (STT) occurs at the reticular formation
52
T/F: The DCML tract is responsible for tactile overresponsiveness/defensiveness, whereas the STT tract is responsible for tactile discrimination
False. The DCML tract is responsible for tactile discrimination, and the STT tract is responsible for tactile overresponsiveness/defensiveness (affective touch)
53
Nerve endings that detect environmental stimuli (e.g., pressure, temperature, pain) and then generate neural responses (nerve impulse) that travel to brain
Tactile receptors
54
Where are tactile receptors located?
In skin, joints, and visceral organs. Different receptors are designed to respond to specific types of tactile sensations
55
T/F: Different types of tactile receptors are specialized and only respond to certain types of input
False. Although receptors are specialized for certain types of input, they respond to some extent, to all types of touch . The brain integrates the bits of information from all tactile sources to interpret the overall pattern of tactile info
56
What kind of info about a stimulus do tactile receptors transmit?
Receptors transmit info about the intensity of pressure (force per unit area) location, depth, duration, direction of moving stimulus, and rate of change in location of touch. Information is encoded both spatially and temporally.
57
Once tactile receptors receive and transmit info about a stimulus, the _______ filters and organizes the information to interpret it.
The CNS filters and organize the info to interpret it
58
Meisner's corpuscles, Merkel's Discus, Ruffni's Ending, and Pacinien corpuscles are all _______ _____________
They are all cutaneous mechanoreceptors
59
T/F: Mechanoreceptors in glabrous (smoothe) skin have roughly the same size and structure of receptor fields
False. They vary in size and structure of their receptive fields.
60
The following are all types of what kind of receptors?
- Muscle spindle
- Golgi tendon organ
- Joint receptors
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Ruffini endings
- Free nerve endings
Proprioceptive receptors
61
The DCL tract carries touch pressure and prop info to...
The thalamus and then to S1 primary sensory cortex
62
The STT tract carries pain, temp, and diffuse touch to...
Primarily transmitted to the thalamus, some fibers continue to S1
63
This tract is larger in size in the human compared to other animals and is associated with more sophisticated praxis and fine motor control
DCML tract
64
Research on cats has shown that the _____ tract is critical for:
- Initiation and direction of movement
- Timing of actions
- Judgment of distances
- Precision in jumping and landing
DCML tract
65
What is the relationship between tactile defensiveness and motor planning?
- If info is not processed adequately (via DCML), somatosensory areas are going to send false info to the motor planning areas
- At the level of the cortex, info that ascends reaches somatosensory areas in cortex, then sends to motor planning areas in the cortex
- If info is off, motor planning issues
66
Which tract is closely linked with motor planning?
DCML.
- At level of cortex, info that ascends reaches somatosensory areas in cortex then send to motor planning areas in cortex.
- If info not processing correctly, somatosensory areas will send faulty info to motor planning areas
- If info is off, motor planning issues
67
T/F: If a child has motor planning problems, you should automatically implement SI
False. Need to first see if related to sensory processing problem before implementing SI.
-Need to know if having tactile discrimination problem--may be cortical/structural/neurological problem
68
Tract which is responsible for somatic sensation of the face
Trigeminothalamic Tract. Two separate streams of somatic sensory input from the face (Touch and prop vs. temp and pain) remain separate all the way to the cortex
69
What are the two separate streams of somatic sensory input form the face (part of TT tract)?
1. Touch and prop
2. Temp and pain
- They are separate all the way to the cortex
70
T/F: If a child is very tactiley sensitive to the body, he will be equally sensitive to the face (or vice versa)
False. May have children very sensitive to face but not body (or vice versa) due to different tracts. Don't expect that if a kid is tactiley sensitive in the body, will be in the face
71
Structure responsible for subconscious recognition of tactile input
thalamus
72
Structure responsible to arousal
Reticular activating system
73
Structure responsible for emotional tone
Limbic system
74
Structure responsible for visceral control
Hypothalamus
75
All sensory pathways except olfaction are routed through the _________
Thalamus. Forms wall of 3rd ventricle.
- A major integrator of somatosensory info
- Many fibers from STT tract terminate there
- Majority of info arriving at cerebral cortex is processed first in one or more thalamic nuclei
76
Structure that is essential in self preservation (protection from harm/death) and influenced by all sensory input
Limbic system. Integrates somatosensory inputs with inputs from other senses and from other brain regions. Also has interconnections with the hypothalamus that mediates interactions between emotional and visceral functions
77
How may limbic system dysfunction lead to (1) tactile defensiveness in all sensory systems or (2) anxiety affecting tactile processing?
If not modulating well at the RF (arousal), will also go to limbic system and cause emotional response (e.g. ,anxiety, anger)--see this in tactile defensive. The emotional rxn you see comes from the limbic system and its relationship with the RF
78
Structure involved in object recognition, sometimes considered part of the limbic system
The Insula. Related to subjective awareness and affective processing of bodily signals
79
T/F: The right insula deals with "aroused" emotion linked to sympathetic system while the left insula is linked with parasympathetic or "enriched" emotions (minimized stress/anxiety/irritation)
True
80
After tactile and prop info arrives and is integrated at the primary somatosensory cortex (area S1), where is information then sent?
Information is relayed to other areas of parietal cortex for interpretation and perception
81
Area of the primary somatosensory cortex which receives input from touch, position, pressure and vibratory sensation
Area 3b
82
Area of primary somatosensory cortex that receives input from muscle spindle afferents
Area 3a
83
Areas of primary somatosensory cortex that are the first stages of cortical processing, receive information from thalamus and project to areas 5,7,1 and 2; discriminate shapes
Areas 3a and 3b
84
Area of primary somatosensory cortex that receives info from deep proprioceptors, leminiscal system, areas 3a and 3b
Area 2
85
Area of primary somatosensory cortex that receives input from 3a and 3b, cutaneous and deep sensibility. Edge orientation and stereognosis
Area 1. Motor sets strongly modulates neuronal responsiveness in this area
86
Tract responsible for precise, high fidelity tactile and prop processing
DCML
87
Tract for awareness of coarse touch, pain, and temp sensations
STT
88
What centers of the brain interpret sensations for detailed tactile perception, conscious prop, and use of somatosensory info to interpret location of body in space and to plan effective actions?
Cerebral cortex centers interpret sensations for detailed tactile perception, conscious prop, and use of somatosensory info to interpret location of body in space and to plan effective actions
89
What are the two tactile-related problems in children?
1. Tactile Defensiveness related to overresponsivness
| 2. Tactile discrimination deficits--if can't discriminate, will have motor problems, fine motor, neuron motor
90
T/F: Tactile defensiveness is often seen in children with decreased attention and increased activity level
True
91
What condition leads a child to be irritated and disorganized be irritated and disorganized by tactile input occurring during daily life activities?
Tactile Defensiveness. May impact performance in activities of daily living e.g., dressing, feeding, during social interactions
92
A child who is tactily defensive may seek out what kind of input?
Prop
93
Which of the following is not a deficit related to tactile discrimination:
A. Cannot discriminate tactile info well enough to use it e.g., finding coins in pocket
B. Gross motor clumsiness
C. Fine motor manipulation difficulties
D. Oral-motor difficulties
E. May be over-reactive to touch
E. May be UNDER-reactive to touch
94
How can you evaluate a child for tactile processing via observations in a clinic setting?
Provide a single input (e.g., touch kid), and look for a response:
- Does he register? Is there a change in arousal (e.g., changes in muscle tone, vocalizations, change in breathing, sweating)
- Localization: looks at it
95
What are the two prop-related problems in children?
1. Poor discrimination of prop sensations
| 2. Prop-seeking behavior
96
The following are problems related to what condition in children?
- Lack of awareness of body position: seems unaware of overall body position or location of body parts in relation to each other; tries to manipulate objects or move body in odd and inefficient ways
- Low muscle tone relative to most children: muscles appear soft; somewhat floppy quality of movement; may tighten up or "fix" joints for stability
- Difficulty grading speed or force of movement precisely
Poor prop discrimination
97
Lack of awareness of body position is related to what condition?
Poor prop discrimination:
- Seems unaware of overall body position or location of body parts in relation to each other
- Tries to manipulate objects or move body in odd and inefficient ways
98
Low muscle tone relative to most children may be due to what prop problem?
Poor prop discrimination:
- Muscles appear soft
- Somewhat floppy quality of movement
- May tighten up or "fix" joints for stability
- Flat hands: kid hasn't developed arches (prop), and isn't responding to changes in response to gravity
- If hyperextending, anterior pelvic tilt, locked elbows, stomach sticking out, prop not responding appropriately
99
Difficulty grading speed or force of movement precisely may be due to what prop problem?
Poor prop discrimination
100
The following are examples of what kind of behavior?
- Frequent and intense gross motor actions: jumps or walks forcefully
- Forceful actions with objects: hits, throws, bangs, pulls, or pushes forcefully; falls or bumps into objects or people
- Intense oral motor actions: biting or chewing hard foods or nonfood objects
- Self-stimulatory behaviors: bangs head, bites hands, flaps hands, unusual posturing of arms
Prop-seeking behavior. Behaviors may be labeled aggressive or destructive. Self-stim behaviors often seeking large amounts of sensory input to modulate everything else
101
Condition in which child frequently initiates movement behaviors that generate intense prop input
Prop-seeking behavior
102
A child who responds to input that is not necessarily harmful probably has what tactile-related problem?
Tactile defensiveness related to overresponsiveness
103
T/F: Tactile discrimination deficits are linked to attention deficit problems
False. Tactile defensiveness is linked to attention deficit--lack of cortical innervation. Kids diagnosed with ADD may have increased response to touch, sometimes decreased response to V, and seek prop input to inhibit response to touch
104
T/F: A child who is overresponsive to touch is often also sensitive to auditory and smell input
True
105
T/F: Tactile discrimination problems will lead to motor problems
True. If can't discriminate, will have motor problems e.g., fine motor, neuron motor, oral motor. If can't discriminate, don't know where touched. Sometimes underreactive to touch and thus will have discrimination problem b/c can't discriminate touch
106
T/F: Parent report in the Sensory Processing Questionnaires (Sensory profile and Sensory Processing Measure) is a valid stand alone measure for assessing tactile deficits
False. Must look for other signs--observed
107
The Touch Inventory for Preschoolers (TIP) and Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE) are used to assess...?
Tactile defensiveness. Kids need to be aware and able to answer Qs on their responses to tactile input
108
Two tests being developed with Western Psychological services that help us dx registration problems and discrimination problems and are very sensory based
Sensory Overresponsivity Scale and Sensory Processing Scale
109
If you have a child who is tactile defensive what do you do?
- Make sure in optimal arousal level: don't touch them!
- If you have to touch, touch with lots of pressure
- Provide inhibitory input first: prop, then vestib--have him move equipment on own without touching
- Then may go into light touch, take out shaving cream
- AR: want kid to accept touch
110
T/F: When treating a child who is tactile defensive, start out by giving light touch
False! First, don't touch them!
- Then provide inhibitory input: prop, then vestib
- Then may go into light touch
111
When working with a child who is tactile defensive, what is the adaptive response?
You want him to accept touch
112
T/F: When treating a child with tactile discrimination problems, start by giving light touch
False. Must amplify touch
- Work on motor planning
- Feedback: rock wall, copying when writing, dressing, usually obstacle courses (climbing over and under things)
- Feedforward: Kicking ball as rolling to you, throwing ball
113
A child with this Prop related problem may generate additional sensory information to compensate for poor discrimination or perception (poor prop or poor perception in another sensory system)
Proprioception seeking
114
T/F: Child with poor discrimination will seek high intensity prop while a child seeking prop will seek low intensity prop
False. A child with poor discrimination will seek low intensity prop to get more prop (referred b/c motor planning problems--clumsy). Child seeking prop will seek high intensity prop (referred b/c behavioral --jumping, throwing, hitting) to modulate other problems and anxiety
-Kid may also be underresponsive to prop to modulate other systems
115
Possible reasons related to relating for behavior suggestive of prop seeking
Child may seek prop in order to regulate his general arousal level e.g., running around a lot to regulate high arousal level.
116
Possible reason related to modulation for behavior suggestive of prop seeking
Child may seek prop to modulate over- or under-responsiveness in another sensory system, such as tactile defensiveness. E.g., child may be under responsive to prop in order to modulate other systems
117
Possible reason related to praxis for behavior suggestive of prop seeking
Child's prop seeking behavior may reflect poor praxis rather than prop seeking e.g., not able to bring hands slowly to head to mimic therapist may be related to MP and not prop problem
118
Possible reason, related to a child's temperament, for behavior suggestive of prop seeking
A child may appear to be seeking prop, reflecting his temperament (overall high intensity)
119
T/F: If a child is leaning and propping himself up on arms, he has a problem related to prop
False. Could also be a postural control problem
120
T/F: If a child cannot do the diodactokinesis test, he has decreased prop
FAlse. Could also be a motor planning problem.
121
How can you evaluate a child for prop issues?
- Unstructured observation
- Structured observations
- Surveys or checklists
- Normed or standardized instruments
122
All of the following except which are examples of unstructured observations associated with poor prop?
- Increased muscle tone
- Joint hypermobility
- Inadequate joint alignment and co-contraction
- Inefficient ankle strategies on uneven surfaces
- Decreased, slow, or ineffective weight bearing and weight shifting strategies
- Inappropriate grading of force
- toe walking (tip-toe)
- Inappropriate grading of force
- Tendency to push, pull, or hang
- Tendency to lean on others
- Need to visually monitor self when imitating simple body movements
-Increased muscle tone is not associated with poor prop. DECREASED muscle tone is.
123
All of the following EXCEPT which are structured observations that can be used to evaluate prop:
A. Schilder's Arm Extension Test (Hold arms at 90 degrees and move head from side to side with eyes closed). Arms should stay in place
B. Very fast movements
C. Finger to nose
D. Sequential finger touching (touch each finger to thumb)
E. Alternating movements
B. Not very fast movements. Want to do slow ramp movements.
124
Standardized norm-referenced tests used to test prop
- Kinesthesia test (How you feel your body moves when it is in motion--knowing how flexion vs. extension feels)
- Standing and walking balance test
- Other standardized tests of motor control or motor development
125
The following are important to consider when the child is doing tasks if you are evaluating _______
- Position sense (Static position or dynamic movement; active/passive movement)
- Ipsilateral or bilateral responses
- Series of sequence of movements
- Timing and precision of action
- Grading of force or pressure
- Integration of prop with other systems (visual, vestib, tactile)
Prop
126
To challenge prop further, use activities that ....
To challenge prop further use activities that require precision in body position, grading of forcefulness or pressure
127
How can we use prop in Ayres SI interventions?
- To help modulate multiple sensory systems and to develop praxis ability
- Provide enriched prop experiences: weight bearing, pushing, pulling, jumping, hanging, throwing, resistance
- To challenge prop further, use activities that require precision in body position, grading of forcefulness or pressure
- Focus on total body prop experiences or more distal skilled movement, depending on presenting problems
128
Sequencing is more related to ________ than anything else
Sequencing is more related to prop than anything else
129
***Where is the tactile system processed?
Processed in the thalamus and primary somatosensory in the parietal lobe
130
***Tactile discrimination is KEY to ________
tactile discrimination is key to motor planning
