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Gross Anatomy/Embryology > Somatic & Visceral Innervation of the Chest > Flashcards

Somatic & Visceral Innervation of the Chest Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal ramus

A
  • branch going toward back side

- has both motor and sensory neurons

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2
Q

rami communicans

A
  • allow different spinal nerves to synapse on one another (communication between neurons)
  • gray and white
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3
Q

dorsal root

A
  • only associated with sensory components
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4
Q

ventral root

A
  • only associated with motor components
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5
Q

spinal cord segment

A
  • one inch component of spinal cord (i.e. T4 segment of spinal cord)
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6
Q

Would damage of one nerve remove all sensory input from the regions it touches?

A
  • no, overlap of dermatomes means that there would still be some sensory input
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7
Q

innervation of diaphragm

A
  • two domes of muscle that meet in middle and attach at central tendon (where heart sits)
  • skeletal muscle that gets somatic innervation (from phrenic nerves–C3, C4, C5 in domes, from intercostal nerves in lateral portions)
  • phrenic nerve
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8
Q

ventral rami

A
  • both sensory and motor nerves

- innervates front of chest for dif sensations

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9
Q

phrenic nerve

A
  • C3/C4/C5
  • goes through superior thoracic aperture, enters into chest in middle mediastinum (medial to parietal pleura) and innervates diaphragm
  • sensory nerves return at same level of those of supraclavicular nerve
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10
Q

Why do C3, C4, C5 nerves extend all the way down to diaphragm?

A
  • four week embryo –> relative position of heart bulge & respiratory diaphragm in future neck region
  • cervical nerves serve diaphragm and heart (in close proximity)
  • when diaphragm and heart moved later in development, pulled cervical nerves with them
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11
Q

What do neural crest cells become?

A
  • become dorsal root ganglia & autonomic (sympathetic) ganglia
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12
Q

What does neural crest tube become?

A
  • becomes cell body of ventral horn (somatic)
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13
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • one neuron effector system –> only one cell from CNS to skeletal muscle
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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • two neuron effector system –> pre-synaptic cell and post-synaptic cell
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15
Q

intercostobrachial nerve

A
  • at T2

- goes into arm

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16
Q

cutaneous branches of segmental spinal nerves

A
  • some of skin on chest gets innervation coming neck (C3, C4)
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17
Q

supraclavicular nerves

A
  • C3, C4
  • come off ventral rami
  • passes around sternocleidomastoid and descends to innervate skin over superior region of chest and shoulder
18
Q

segmental spinal nerves

A
  • remnant of “metameric segmentation”
  • branches into cutaneous branches
  • contains mix of motor and sensory nerves (mixed nerve)
19
Q

pericardiophrenic vessels

A
  • pericardiophrenic artery/vein and phrenic nerve travel together through mediastinum
20
Q

internal thoracic artery (left and right)

A
  • branches from subclavian artery
  • descends along anterior thoracic wall lateral to sternum
  • gives off anterior intercostals (supply intercostal spaces)
21
Q

intercostal nerves

A
  • T1/T2 supply upper limb
  • T3-T6 distributed throughout wall of thoracic cavity
  • T7-T12 supply parts of thoracic and abdominal cavity walls
  • make up afferents of periphery of diaphragm
22
Q

“referred pain”

A
  • pain is felt in dermatomes
  • diaphragm innervated by C3-5, so afferents return to those vertebrae
  • on dermatome, C3-5 corresponds to neck and upper chest region
  • pain felt in diaphragm is often “felt” in neck/chest because mix of sensory info at spinal cord
23
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron

A
  • sensory neuron of somatic NS
  • dendrites on receptor “organ” and axon terminals in spinal cord
  • cell bodies always outside CNS ( in dorsal root ganglia)
24
Q

multipolar neuron

A
  • motor neuron
  • cell body found in CNS (spinal cord)
  • peripheral axon terminals synapse on effector organ
  • in somatic NS, one neuron effector system (cell body found in Ventral horn)
  • in autonomic NS, two neuron effector system (cell body found in lateral horn –> sympathetic)
25
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A
  • collection of pseudo-unipolar cell bodies

- derivative of neural crest cells

26
Q

sympathetic NS

A
  • spinal cord segments: T1 to L2/3 (thoracolumbar outflow)
  • preganglionic (presynaptic) cell bodies found in lateral horn
  • many post-synaptic cell bodies found sympathetic trunk in paravertebral ganglia
  • presynaptic axons are short (sympathetic truck ganglia), postsynaptic axons are long and go to effector organ
27
Q

splanchnic nerves

A
  • innervate visceral organs (sympathetic NS)

- pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cells synapse in prevertebral ganglia

28
Q

white communicating rami

A
  • preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers from spinal cord enter ganglia through these communicating rami and synapse with postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
  • may synapse at level of entry or run up or down sympathetic trunk to a dif level before synapsing
29
Q

gray communicating rami

A
  • postganglionic fibers exit ganglia of sympathetic trunk through these communicating rami and branch to plexuses or organs
30
Q

pulmonary ligament

A
  • some of pleura dips down to innervate belly

- posterior to root of lung

31
Q

parasympathetic NS

A
  • craniosacral outflow
  • brainstem (cranial nerves) and sacral nerves
  • ganglia close to or within effector organs
  • long presynaptic axon, short postsynaptic axon
32
Q

CN III

A
  • pupillary sphincter

- parasympathetic

33
Q

CN VII & IX

A
  • salivary and tear glands

- parasympathetic

34
Q

CN X

A
  • vagus nerve –> leaves head and goes through superior thoracic aperture
  • parasympathetic
  • heart, lungs, and digestive tract
35
Q

sacral spinal cord segments (S1-S5)

A
  • large intestine, urogenital tract

- parasympathetic

36
Q

formation of esophageal plexus

A
  • vagus nerves (left and right) go behind root of lung and down esophagus, forming plexus
  • posterior mediastinum
37
Q

anterior vagus nerve

A
  • branch of vagus nerve

- down esophagus past diaphragm at stomach

38
Q

formation of cardiac plexus

A
  • SNS & PNS –> comes around arch of aorta
  • goes backwards to heart, following blood vessels
  • pain fibers –> pain from heart because cardiac muscle is hungry for oxygen
    forms from these nerves: superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, inferior cervical and T1 ganglia, T2 sympathetic ganglion, T3 sympathetic ganglion
39
Q

balancing heart rate in autonomic NS

A
  • brain telling heart to slow down

- withdrawing vagus stimulation causes heart to beat faster

40
Q

cardiac radiating pain (referred pain)

A
  • crisscrossing of signals from heart and other nerves

- T1/T2/T3 –> experience pain in these dermatomes

Gross Anatomy/Embryology (5 decks)

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