Osteology & Neuromuscular Systems in General Flashcards
anterior - posterior
front - back
ventral - dorsal
stomach - back
superior - inferior
higher - lower
proximal - distal
closer to midline - further away from midline
superficial - deep
closer to outside - closer to inside
ipsilateral - contralateral
same side - different side
What creates tubercles on bone?
- as muscle pulls, it forms a bump over time
Where does growth in long bones take place?
- happens in epiphyseal plates, growing in opposite directions
metaphysis
- between epiphysis and diaphysis
- contains growth plate and “new” bone
diaphysis
- shaft or central part of long bone
periosteum
- connective tissue around bone
Where are RBC’s made and mature?
- red blood cells growing and maturing in shaft of long bone
How do bones get nutrients?
- blood vessels enter bone through nutrient foramens
joint
- where two bones meet
fibrous joints
- suture
- syndesmosis
Give an example of a suture joint
i. e. joints between skull bones
- there is movement in sutures (why newborn heads look misshapen, allows them to move through birth canal)
Give an example of a synovial joint
- i.e. middle ear
Give an example of a syndesmosis joint
- i.e. joint between radius and ulna
What are the four characteristics of synovial joints?
- tips of ends covered in hyaline cartilage (never ossify)
- synovial membrane on inside
- filled with synovial fluid
- periosteum gets thicker as it’s passing over meeting point (fibrous capsules)
Where does synovial fluid come from?
- secreted by synovial membrane
synovial membrane
- connective tissue that can secrete synovial fluid
- sitting on capsule of joint
fusiform muscle
- skeletal
- elongated
- has a belly
- both ends have tendons
quadrate muscle
- skeletal
- has a belly & tendons
- long in both directions
- i.e. abdominal muscles
circular (sphincteral) muscle
- skeletal
- two tendons
- circular in shape
- most openings are sphincteral
- contracting makes opening smaller
skeletal muscle
- muscle tissue attached to bone
Explain how muscle functions
- only actively contracts
- passively stretches
flat muscle
- skeletal
- flat
- i.e. lateral aspect of abdominal wall
unipennate muscle
- skeletal
- looks like half feather
bipennate muscle
- skeletal muscle
- looks like feather
multipennate muscle
- skeletal
- i.e. bicep
flexion
- when angle between two bones that are articulating gets smaller
extension
- when angle between two bones that are articulating gets bigger
abduction
- away (bringing arm away from midline)
adduction
- toward (bringing arm toward midline)
medial rotation
- internal rotation
lateral rotation
- external rotation
Where in human body do pronation and supination take place?
- only happens in humans in the forearm
isometric deltoid muscle contraction
- holding arm in abduction
- length of muscle does not change
concentric deltoid muscle contraction
- muscle shortens to raise arm in abduction
eccentric deltoid muscle contraction
- muscle lengthens to lower arm in adduction
- gravity brings arm down
- muscle lengthens & tightens (antigravity –> using muscles to counteract gravity)
superficial fascia
- deep to the skin
- filled and packed with fat cells
- contains blood vessels and nerves
deep fascia
- thin membrane covering muscles
- envelops muscles and keeps them nicely packaged (protection against infection)
veins
- company of them can be associated with artery
- typically still have blood in them after death
- found superficially to arteries
central nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
sensory neurons
- afferent
- info into CNS
- pseudounipolar –> almost all have cell body outside CNS
motor neurons
- efferent
- info out of CNS
- effector organ (muscles) told to contract
- multipolar (cell body within CNS)
divisions of peripheral nervous system
- somatic nervous system = sensory & motor to all parts of the body wall
- autonomic nervous system = motor to all viscera
dorsal horn
- contains cell bodies (within spinal cord)
number of cervical vertebrae and spinal nerves?
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- 8 cervical spinal nerves
- C1 nerve above C1 vertebra, C8 nerve below C7 vertebra!
number of thoracic vertebrae and spinal nerves?
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 12 thoracic spinal nerves
number of lumbar vertebrae and spinal nerves?
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- 5 lumbar spinal nerves
dermatomes
- map of skin and innervation that is predictable
- T2 n. innervates skin above angle of Louis
- T4 n. innervates skin above nipple
- T10 n. innervates skin above bellybutton
