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Foundational Physiology > Somatic Nervous System > Flashcards

Somatic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle neuron, neurotransmitter, and receptor site

A

Alpha motor neuron
Acetylcholine
Nicotine

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2
Q

Alpha motor neuron cell body location

A

CNS, spinal cord

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3
Q

Motor unit definition

A

One motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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4
Q

Muscle definition

A

Many motor units together

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5
Q

2 ways the nervous system can increase muscular force

A 
Frequency coding (more during of one motor neuron)
Population coding (more motor neurons activated)
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6
Q

Muscle spindles are what type of receptor and where are they located

A

Stretch

Intrafusal fibers

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7
Q

Intrafusal fibers are innervated by what and where are they located in the fiber

A

Sensory afferent neurons; middle

Gamma motor neurons; ends at contractile elements

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8
Q

How do muscle spindles respond to stretch

A

They increase action potentials with stretch

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9
Q

T/F Gama motor neurons and alpha motor neurons do not contact at the same time

A

False

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10
Q

What happens in accordance to muscle spindles when muscle contracts voluntarily

A

Both the alpha and gamma motor neurons contract so that the muscle spindle can continue to provide feedback to the CNS regarding the length of the muscle

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11
Q

If there is an unexpected stretch of the muscle, it is sensed by _____ and results in ______. Which muscles relax and contract?

A

Muscle spindle afferents; reflex CONTRACTION of the alpha motor neuron
contraction of agonist and relaxation of antagonist

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12
Q

Golgi tendon organs are what type of receptor and where are they located

A

tension

tendon of the muscle

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13
Q

Which causes more activation of the golgi tendon organ: passive stretch or active contraction

A

active contraction

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14
Q

Cutaneous receptors provide what senses

A

pain, temperature, pressure, vibration, itch

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15
Q

Knee-jerk Reflex (Myotatic Reflex)

A

muscle spindle

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16
Q

Inverse Myotatic Reflex

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

17
Q

Flexor Withdrawal Reflex

A

Cutaneous receptors

18
Q

If there is too much tension of the muscle, it is sensed by ____ and results in ____. Which muscles relax and contrat?

A

Golgi tendon organs; RELAXATION of the alpha motor neuron

Agonist relaxes, antagonist contracts

19
Q

Flexor Withdrawal Reflex muscle utilization

A

reflex contraction of flexor muscles with relaxation of antagonist muscles on side of stimulation.

reflex contraction of extensor muscles with contraction of antagonist muscles on the contralateral side of the stimulation

20
Q

T/F Interneurons can be either inhibitory or excitatory.

A

TRUE

21
Q

Vestibular System sends projections to the brain stem for control of what? What does it detect?

A

balance and coordination (sense of equilibrium)

position and motion of head in space

22
Q

What does the Utricle detect?

A

horizontal head tilt and horizontal acceleration

23
Q

What does Saccule detect?

A

vertical head tilt and vertical acceleration

24
Q

What do Semicircular canals detect?

A

rotational acceleration

25
Q

What are the sensory receptors of the vestibular system?

A

hair cells; kinocilium

26
Q

Determine activity of hair cell by kinocilium

A

bending away= depolarize (action potential increases)

bending forward= hyperpolarize

27
Q

what do the hair cells sit in in the semicircular canals?

A

cupula

28
Q

What are the otolithic organs?

A

utricle and saccule

29
Q

T/F The utricle and saccule only respond to horizontal and vertical acceleration?

A

FALSE; they also respond to head tilt- you are going to maintain the effect if you tilt your head and stay there

30
Q

What are statoconia crystals?

A

otoliths that move with gravity and cause the hair cells to bend

31
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A

sends projections to the brain stem, spinal interneurons and alpha motor neurons to control movement and to gamma motor neurons to maintain muscle spindle sensitivity (reaching and fine movements)

32
Q

Sensory information from the motor cortex

A

to the thalamus, then somatosensory complex

33
Q

supplemental and premotor areas of the motor cortex are important for __________.

A

planning and programming movement

34
Q

Cerebellum participates in:

A
  1. planning movement
  2. controlling posture and equilbrium
  3. smooth limb movement
35
Q

Basal ganglia play a role in:

A

motor, cognitive, and emotional responses

36
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

loss of dopamine (NT) signaling in the basal ganglia

Foundational Physiology (9 decks)

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