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Neuro Exam 1 > Somatic Motor System & Spinal Control of Movement & Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Somatic Motor System & Spinal Control of Movement & Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

transmits info from periphery to CNS

- has receptors

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2
Q

somatic sensory

A

receives sensory info from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses

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3
Q

visceral sensory

A

receives sensory info from viscera

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4
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

transmits info FROM CNS to rest of the body

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5
Q

somatic motor

A

“voluntary” NS: innervates skeletal muscle

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6
Q

autonomic motor

A

“involuntary” NS: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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7
Q

define dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by single posterior root

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8
Q

define myotome

A

a group of muscles innervated by single anterior root

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9
Q 
Interneurons 
and projection 
neurons that 
ascend to CNS
 Pain
 Temperature
 Somatic and 
Visceral 
information
A

dorsal (posterior) horn

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10
Q

Contains cell bodies of preganglionic
sympathetic neurons (ANS)
 Seen only in thoracic/upper lumbar (T1-L3)

A

lateral horn

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11
Q

Large cell bodies (LMN) of skeletal muscle motor

neurons.

A

ventral (anterior) horn

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12
Q

Named for Bror Rexed
 Swedish neuroscientist who discovered and mapped the areas in the 1950s.
 Laminae = “layers”

A

Rexed’s laminae

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13
Q

Marginal Layer and Substantia Gelatinosa

 Process Noxious stimuli

A

laminae I and II

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14
Q

Nucleus Proprius

 Proprioception and 2-point Discrimination

A

laminae III and IV

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15
Q

Noxious Stimuli from viscera

A

laminae 5

dorsal horn, sensory

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16
Q

Proprioceptive input

A

lamina VI

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17
Q

Nucleus dorsalis
 Receives proprioceptive input
*Relays unconscious proprioceptive information to cerebellum

A

lamina VII

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18
Q

Commissural Nucleus

 Connect contralateral cord and the brain

A

lamina VIII

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19
Q

Motor nuclei

 Contains cell bodies of lower motor neurons

A

lamina IX

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20
Q

Grisea centralis

 Axons that cross the cord to opposite side

A

lamina X

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21
Q

____ originates inthe cortex and synapses with ____ in the spinal cord

A

upper motor neuron; lower motor neuron

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22
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

trigger generation of force

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23
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

regulate sensitivity of muscle to stretch

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24
Q

____ keep balance and pull back the reign- makes sure not to have too much force

A

gamma motor neurons

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25
graded control function
Determine correct amount of force necessary to complete activity  Picking up/holding fragile item  Lifting Neuroscience texts from desk  Sprinting in a race
26
muscle contraction steps
```  Alpha motor neurons release ACh  ACh produces large EPSP in muscle fiber  EPSP evokes muscle action potential  Action potential triggers Ca2+ release  Fiber contracts  Ca2+ reuptake  Fiber relaxes ```
27
proprioception- muscle spindles
stretch receptors
28
proprioception- golgi tendon organs
strain gauge
29
Involuntary, stereotypical response to sensory input |  Typically involve one or more interneurons
reflexes
30
Contraction of agonist withsimultaneous relaxation of antagonist
reciprocal inhibition
31
damage to spinal cord creates what impairments?
contralateral pain and temperature deficits; | ipsilateral touch deficits
32
Bundles of upper motor neuron axons thattravel together in the white matter of the brainstem and spinal cord.
tract
33
Fine Control of distal extremities andcoarse regulation of proximal flexorsAllows fractionation of movement
lateral corticospinal tracts
34
Conveys info to LMNs that control neck,shoulder, and trunk muscles.
anterior (medial) corticospinal tract
35
Poor Fractionated Movements of arms and hands – use all fingers at once  Voluntary movements slower – less accurate  Baseball pitcher analogy – can stand on pitcher’s mound but not throw accurately.
Corticospinal/Rubrospinal Impairments
36
 Enhances antigravity reflexes of spinal cord |  Helps maintain standing posture
reticulospinal tract
37
Controls neck and upper back muscles for positioning |  Keeps head (eyes) stable
medial vestibulospinal tract
38
Facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors forbalance.
lateral vestibulospinal tract
39
damage to vestibulospinal tract does what?
Damage to these tracts leads to ataxia andbalance problems
40
Directs head movements toward novel visual and auditory stimuli; coordination of head and eye movement
tectospinal tract
41
``` Tracts Involved  Corticospinal  Spinothalamic Symptoms  Falls  Upper/Lower Extremity Weakness  Sensory Loss  Pain  Temperature  Light Touch  Position ```
central cord syndrome
42
Tracts  Ascending Spinothalamic  Pain and temperature sensation altered  Motor Control impaired
anterior cord syndrome
43
 Below level of lesion  Ipsilateral voluntary motor control  Ipsilateral conscious proprioception  Ipsilateral discriminative touch  Contralateral pain  Contralateral temperature
Brown-Sequard syndrome
44
Loss of Proprioception |  Variable loss of motor function, pain, andtemperature
posterior cord syndrome
45
the cerebral hemispheres are divided in two by
falx cerebri
46
gyrus= | sulcus=
ridges, bumpy | fissures
47
separates the temporal lobefrom the Frontal and parietal lobes
lateral (Sylvian) sulcus
48
separates the frontal and parietal lobes and is separated by two important parallel gyri
central sulcus
49
separates the cerebral hemispheres
median (longitudinal) fissure
50
function of cerebral cortex
``` Cognition Memory Language Perception Control of complex movement ```
51
Communication point | between lateral ventricles and third ventricle
interventricular foramen
52
Communication between the third ventricle and fourth | ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
53
CSF flow
produced in choroid plexus > lateral ventricles > interventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > 4th ventricle > foramina of Lushka and Magendie > subarachnoid space > arachnoid granulations > reabsorbed into bloodstream
54
frontal lobe functions
``` Memory Formation  - Emotions  - Decision Making/Reasoning  - Personality  - Movement ```
55
5 major functional regions of frontal lobe
Motor cortex  Premotor cortex  Supplementary motor area Broca’s area  Prefrontal cortex
56
voluntarily controlled contralateral movements
primary motor cortex
57
motor homunculus
little person
58
supplementary motor area function
Motor planning (initiation of movement)  Planning bimanual and sequential movements  Stores motor programs  Directs activity of primary motor cortex  Orientation of the eyes and head
59
premotor area functions
Controls trunk and girdle muscles |  Stabilizes the shoulders during upper limb tasks andhips during walking
60
Planning movement of mouth during speech andgrammatical aspects of language
Broca's area
61
area analogous to Broca's does what?
Plans nonverbal communication  Emotional Gestures  Tone of voice
62
parietal lobe functions
Senses and integrates sensation(s) - Spatial awareness and perception (Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other)
63
Site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information.
primary somatosensory cortex aka postcentral gyrus
64
Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. • May assist with visuo-motor coordination.
Somatosensory (Parietal) Association Cortex
65
Primary site involved with theinterpretation of the sensation of taste.
primary gustatory cortex
66
Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli.
occipital lobe
67
primary area ofthe brain responsible for sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc.
primary visual cortex
68
Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex.
visual association area
69
Hearing |  Organization/Comprehension of language Information Retrieval (Memory)
temporal lobe
70
Recognition of faces, objects, and colors
inferotemporal cortex
71
damage to inferotemporal cortex does what?
Prosopagnosia  Inability to recognize people that you know  Early sign of Alzheimer’s disease *Rachel McAdams in the Notebook
72
A white matter tract that connects Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech.
arcuate fasciculus
73
The fifth cerebral lobe Phylogenetically old Involved in taste processing
insular lobe
74
mainly axons and dendrites; few cells
1- molecular layer of cerebral cortex
75
many small pyramidal and stellate cells, which establish intracortical connections
2- external granular layer of cerebral cortex
76
pyramidal cells; | medium sized neurons
3- extra pyramidal layer of cerebral cortex
77
site of termination of afferent fibers from | specific thalamic nuclei
4- internal granular layer of cerebral cortex
78
``` origin of projection fibers to extracortical targets (basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord) ```
5- internal pyramidal layer of cerebral cortex
79
contains association and projection neurons.
6- multiform layer of cerebral cortex
80
found in several layers of the cortex and are the only type of neurons that project axons outside it. - Betz cells
pyramidal cells
81
small neurons with dendrites that radiate out around the cell body and receive connections from other cortical structures. - receive info
stellate cells
82
output cells, mainly to thalamus
fusiform
83
Chemical signals sent electrically through dendrites to cell body –these signals accumulate
neurotransmission
84
Afferent fibers that connect structures in same hemisphere
association fibers
85
Afferents connecting structures in the contralateralhemisphere
commissural fibers
86
arcuate fasciculus connects what 2 areas?
wernicke's and broca's
87
types of commissural fibers
anterior commissure posterior commissure habenular commissure corpus callosum
88
ACA supplied structures:
```  White matter of inferior frontal lobe  Medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes  Anterior Corpus Callosum  Deep Cerebrum  Diencephalon (Thalamus/Hyopthalamus)  Limbic Structures  Head of Caudate  Anterior limb of internal capsule ```
89
anterior cerebral artery stroke impairments
``` Somatosensory  Loss Sensation lower limb Motor  Apraxia  Hemiplegia (lower limb more than upper limb) Impaired Gait Emotions/Behavior  Flat Affect  Impulsive  Perseveration  Confusion Mentation, Language, Memory  Difficulty with divergent thinking Other  Urinary Incontinence ```
90
middle cerebral artery supplied structures
Most of cortex and white matter Deep white matter Diencephalic structures
91
middle cerebral artery stroke impairments
Somatosensory  Hemianesthesia (face, UE > LE) Motor  Face and UE impaired >LE Special Senses  Homonymous Hemianopsia Emotions and behavior  If Right sided stroke – easily distracted, poor judgment, impulsiveness  If Left – apraxia, compulsiveness, overly cautious Mentation  Aphasia if language dominant hemisphere involved  Difficulty with spatial relationships, neglect if non language dominant hemisphere affected
92
posterior cerebral artery stroke impairments
``` Somatosensory  Hemianesthesia Motor  Hemiparesis  Oculomotor nerve palsy Special Senses  Homonymous hemianopsia  Cortical blindness  Lack of depth perception Mentation  Memory loss Other  Thalamic syndrome – more on this later ```
93
the nervous system divides into what?
central NS: brain and spinal cord | peripheral NS: 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves

Neuro Exam 1 (4 decks)

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