Jeopardy and Review Questions Flashcards by Keren Poulose

What is the name of the process by which cells are programmed to die in order to form digits of the hands and feet?

apoptosis

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These cells form in segmental pairs along the neural tube, derive from:

somites

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During weeks 3-8 post conception age, the developing human is known as what?

embryo

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By which process are the flat bones of the skull and irregularly shaped bones in the body formed?

intramembranous ossification

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What structure is typically indicated in Parkinson’s disease?

substantia nigra

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The third ventricle drains into the fourth ventricle via what?

the cerebral aqueduct

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Name one ascending sensory and one descending motor tract in the spinal cord?

ascending= spinothalmic
descending= rubrospinal

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This functional division provides anticipatory control to the limbs and trunk to allow you to reach from your base of support without falling:

vestibulocerebellum

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This cell sends output info from the cerebellum to the midbrain and thalamus

Purkinje fibers

ONLY output cell

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Name all the lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insular

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Which laminae process proprioception and 2 point discrimination?

Laminae 3 and 4

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Brodmann’s area 4 corresponds to this functional area of the frontal lobe

primary motor cortex

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The major relay station for sensory and motor info

thalamus

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what cranial nerve turns the eye laterally?

abducens

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the route or pathway through which thalamic fibers pass to and from the cortex is

internal capsule

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the following are actions of this structure: memory formation, emotions, decision making, reasoning, personality, and movement

frontal lobe

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this hypokinetic disorder is characterized by resting tremors, rigidity, etc

Parkinson’s disease

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Where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

cervicomedullary junction

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name the brain stem structure that is responsible for regulation, sleep, consciousness, and attention

reticular formation

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name one ascending motor tract that runs through the spinal cord

none

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Who’s brain MRI is on the title slide of the cerebral cortex presentation?

Homer Simpson

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What is the function of the basal ganglia?

modulates movement

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Cell bodies of autonomic neurons are in which horn?

Lateral horn

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What structure carries output info via axons from the cerebellum to the brainstem, cortex, and spinal cord?

superior cerebellar peduncle

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Name the structure that sends a signal to begin the process of neurulation that culminates in formation of the neural tube?

notochord

What structures are derived from somites?

myotomes sclerotomes dermatomes

how many pairs of somites do adult humans possess typically?

42-22 pairs

what are the functional units of structures known as that are derived from somites?

scerotomes myotomes dermatomes etc

what limb develops first and how much time ahead?

upper limbs develop 1-2 days prior to lower limbs

rotation of upper limbs?

laterally 90 degrees

rotation of lower limbs?

almost 90 degrees medially

what is the process by which cell death occurs leading to the creation of each digit?

apoptis- by end of 8th week

which layer of cells are the limbs derived from?

mesoderm

which layer is the CNS derived from

ectoderm

what are the 2 main processes of skeletal development?

intramembranous and endochondral

endochondral forms what

forms long bones

intramembranous ossification forms what?

bones of skull and other irregularly shaped bones

what layer is muscle derived from

mesoderm

originates in supplementary motor, premotor, and primary motor cortices

corticospinal

fractionation of movement (esp hand); control of neck, shoulder and trunk muscles

corticospinal tract

decussates at level of medulla

corticospinal tract

what are other terms for where the corticospinal tracts decussate?

cervical medullary junction | pyramids

pain and temperature tract

reticulospinal

fractionated movement of distal extremities

corticospinal

what tract does NOT cross

medial corticospinal

which tract originates at the red nucleus?

rubrospinal | *think ruby-red*

which horn is motor?

ventral horn

which tract originates at red nucleus (midbrain)

rubrospinal

which tract decussates in midbrain, descends through pons, medulla and lateral spinal cord

rubrospinal tract

which tract projects to LMNs innervating upper limb flexors

rubrospinal tract

which tract originates lateral reticular formation (medulla,pons, midbrain)

lateral reticulospinal tract

which tract Descends Bilaterally

lateral reticulospinal

which tract receives input from cerebral cortex

lateral reticulospinal

tract Function – typically facilitates flexor muscles; inhibits extensor motor neurons (reversed for ambulation)

lateral reticulospinal

which tract originates in pontine reticular formation

medial reticulospinal tract

which tract functions to facilitate ipsilateral LMNs innervating postural muscles and limb extensors

medial reticulospinal

which tract responds to stimuli from the vestibular apparatus

vestibulospinal

which tract (MEDIAL) has control of neck and upper back muscles

vestibulospinal tract

which tract (LATERAL) facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors

vestibulospinal

which tract originates Midbrain – superior colliculus which receives direct input from the retina and projections from visual cortex

tectospinal

which tract directs head movements toward novel visual and auditory stimuli

tectospinal tract

when i hear weird things at night and i look around to where the noise was, what tract?

tectospinal | *think tecto...tactic...night tactis*

Course of which tract: – Superior Colliculus Occipital Lobe – Crosses at tectobulbospinal junction – Travels with vestibulospinal tract ending cervical region

tectospinal

midthoracic cord is impaired | paralysis and analgesia and loss of discriminative temperature sensation

anterior cord syndrome

``` central cord (C4, C5) is impaired affects upper extremity function ```

central cord syndrome

``` impairs thoracic cord (T10- half of the spinal cord) Losses Ipsilateral to lesion – Loss of LMNs – All Sensations • Below Lesion – Voluntary motor control – Conscious Proprioception (Dorsal Column) – Discriminative Touch (Dorsal Column) • Pain and Temperature lost Contralaterally (SpinothalamicTract) ```

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

myotatic reflex does what

stretch

name 5 monosynaptic reflex examples

biceps, brachioradialis (c5,c6) triceps (c6,c7) quadriceps (l3,l4) achilles (s1,s2)

interneurons are excitatory slower response than myotatic combines with crossed-extensor reflex to keep balance

withdrawal reflexes

name the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex

``` 1- molecular 1- external granular 3- external pyramidal 4- internal granular 5- internal pyramidal 6- multiform ```

this layer of cerebral cortex has mainly axons and dendrites, and a few cells

molecular layer

this layer of cerebral cortex has many small pyramidal and stellate cells, which establish intracortical connections

external granular layer

this layer of the cerebral cortex has pyramidal cells and medium sized neurons

external pyramidal layer

this layer of the cerebral cortex is the site of termination of afferent fibers from specific thalamic nuclei

internal granular layer

this layer of the cerebral cortex is the origin of projection fibers to extracortical targets (basal ganglia, thalamus, brai stem, spinal cord)

internal pyramidal layer

this layer of the cerebral cortex contains association and projection neurons

multiform layer

what type of cell is found in several layers of the cortex and is the only type of neuron that projects axons outside it

pyramidal cells

whats an example of a pyramidal cell

Betz cell

small neurons with dendrites that radiate out around the cell body and receive connections from other cortical structures

stellate cells

spindle shaped | output cells- mainly to the thalamus

fusiform

granule cells smaller than pyramidal cells remain within the cortex serve as interneurons

stellate cells

supplies medial surface, frontal and parietal lobes

ACerebralA

supplies internal capsule, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate, and lateral hemisphere

MCerebralA

supplies the midbrain, occipital lobe, and portions of medial and inferior temporal lobes

PCerebralA

what is GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter

granule cells

project to the folia where they bifurcate and form parallel fibers

receives excitatory input from parallel fibers

stellate cells

excitatory afferent fibers that determine the output of Purkinje fibers

mossy fibers

Dont Eat Greasy Foods

dentate emboliform globose fastigial

which two cerebellar peduncles provide input to cerebellum

middle and inferior *superior provides output

output: eye movements, vestibular nuclei, balance and equilibrium * axial movements and vestibular reflexes

vestibulocerebellum

output to medial and lateral upper motor neurons input is from somatosensory, and visual, auditory vestibular *axial and distal movements

spinocerebellum

input is cerebral cortex output is motor and premotor cortex *initiation, planning, and timing

cerebrocerebellum

lesions of the cerebellum affect what side of the body?

ispilateral

most common sign of cerebellar dysfunction

ataxia also: nystagmus, black girls name, dysmetria, decomposition of movement