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Biological Foundations > Solutions, pH, Buffers > Flashcards

Solutions, pH, Buffers Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mole?

A

A counting unit for chemists for atoms and molecules (due to sheer volume)

The amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in pure (12)C

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1
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

One mole = 6.02 x 10(23) objects

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2
Q

What is deposition?

A

Gas to solid (i.e. snow)

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3
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Solid to gas (i.e. dry ice)

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4
Q

What is formula mass?

A

The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in a chemical formula in atomic mass unit (AMU) in a compounds formula

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5
Q

What are intermolecular forces?

A

An attractive force that acts between a molecule and another molecule

Involves positive and negative interactions

Intermolecular (weak), Intramolecular (strong - true chemical bonds)

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6
Q

What is a dipole-dipole interaction?

A

Intermolecular force that occurs between polar molecule (positive and negative end)

Greater polarity of molecules, greater the strength of this interaction

*not a chemical bond, an attraction**

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7
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Stron dipole-dipole bond with hydrogen containing molecules

Hydrogen is covalently bonded to highly electronegative element of a small atomic size (Fluorine, Oxygen, Nitrogen)

Determines the solubility of something

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8
Q

If something is insoluble, does that mean the hydrogen bond can be broken?

A

No, if something is soluble is means is CAN break the hydrogen bond

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9
Q

What are London forces?

A

Occurs between all molecules, only type of intermolecular force present between non-polar molecules

Weakest type of force

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10
Q

What are characteristics of solutions?

A

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances where each substance retains it’s own chemical identity

Has variable composite

Solutes can be separated by physical means, remains uniformly distributed

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11
Q

What are components of a solution?

A

Solvent (greatest amount in solution)
Solute (lesser amount)

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12
Q

What is solubility

A

The max amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent under a given set of conditions

Low solubility (doesn’t dissolve)
High solubility (can dissolve)

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13
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution that contains the max amount of solute that can be dissolves under the conditions at which the solution exists

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14
Q

What does concentration refer to?

A

The amount of solute present in a specified amount of solution.

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15
Q

How can you express concentration?

A

Molarity
Percent concentration (by mass, by volume or mass volume percent)

16
Q

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

A wall that is selective in passing things - water/other molecules trying to go through

Attempts to make concentration equal

17
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Osmotic pressure - force of water passing through

18
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The relative solute concentrations of two environments separated by a semipermeable membrane

19
Q

What is hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic?

A

HypOtonic (Out of vessel, into cells “swell” - can burst), less osmotic pressure

Isotonic (stays where I put it) - function cell of normal size

HypErtonic (enter vessel, out of cells “shrink”),

20
Q

What is the purpose of the acid-base?

A

To ensure homeostasis, intracellular and extra cellular fluids must contain balanced quantities of acids and bases

Depending on concentration of hydrogen ions vs hydroxide ions, it is either acid or base

More hydrogen dissolved = more acidic

More hydroxide dissolved = more basic

21
Q

What is the Arrhenius acid-base theory?

A

Acid = hydrogen containing compound that produces hydrogen ions in water

Base = hydroxide containing compounds that produces hydroxide in water

22
Q

What is the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory?

A

Acid = any substance that can donate a proton to another substance
Base = any substance that can accept a proton from another substance

Proton donation (from acid) cannot occur unless acceptor (base) is present

23
Q

What are polyprotic acids?

A

Acids that can transfer two or more hydrogen ions during an acid-base reaction

24
Q

What are conjugate acid and bases?

A

Two species that differ by one proton

Conjugate base of an acid is the species that remains when the acid loses a proton

Conjugate acid do a base is the species formed when the base accepts a proton

25
Q

What makes an acid/base strong?

A

Strong acid - complete dissociation in water yielding hydroxide ions

Produces large concentrations of H3O+ and the anion (A-)

26
Q

What makes an acid/base weak?

A

Weak acid = only a few molecules dissociate

Concentrations of H3O+ and the anion (A-) are small

27
Q

What is the acid ionisation constant?

A

Describes the degree of ionisation of an acid

28
Q

What is acid-base neutralisation

A

The chemical reaction between an acid and hydroxide base to form a salt and water

29
Q

What are salts?

A

Ionic compounds containing a metal/polyatomic ion as the positive ion, and a nonmetal/polyatomic ion as the negative ions

Ionic compounds containing hydroxide ion are bases rather than salts

30
Q

How does water self-ionise?

A

The reaction in which a water molecule donates one of its protons to a neighbouring water molecule, either in pure water or in an aqueous solution.

31
Q

What does pH refer to?

A

A solutions acidity expressed in a number, 0-14.

Based on concentration of hydrogen moles per litre

32
Q

Describe the numbers on the pH scale

A

A change of one number on scale represents a tenfold change in number of hydrogen

Below 7 - acidic
7 - neutral/equal
Above 7 - basic

33
Q

What is a buffer system?

A

A solution that resists pH change when small amounts of acid/base are added to it

Composed of a weak acid and it’s conjugate base

Concerts strong acids/bases into weak ones

34
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

A substance that forms a solution in water the conducts electricity

Strong acids/bases and soluble salts are strong electrolytes

35
Q

What are the three major buffer systems in the body?

A

Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer

Phosphate buffer system

Protein buffer system

Biological Foundations (6 decks)

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