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Biological Foundations > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

All compounds containing elements carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbon)

Includes all molecules associated with life

10 million organic compounds (only 1.7 mill inorganic)

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon derivative?

A

a hydrocarbon that also includes carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, plastics etc

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2
Q

What are some of the main differences between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic
Covalent, low solubility and melting/boiling points, bad conductor, volatile, colourless, slow rate of reaction, living things’

(I.e. enzymes, protein, DNA, fuels)

Inorganic

Electro agent, ionic or covalent, high solubility and melting/boiling point, good conductor, non-volatile, coloured, fast rate of reaction, non-living things, non-biodegradable

(I.e. metals, salts, non-metals)

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3
Q

How many bonds does hydrogen, oxygen and carbon form?

A

Hydrogen - 1

Oxygen - 2

Carbon - 4

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4
Q

How do you represent a double bond and a triple bond, and what does it mean?

A

Double bond is shown by drawing two parallel lines between the atoms, or three for a triple bond.

It means that carbon is bonding with itself to satisfy it’s need for 4 covalent bonds, as it can’t get it elsewhere.

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5
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Saturated - hydrocarbons where all carbon-to-carbon bonds are single bonds

Unsaturated - hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon-to-carbon double/triple bonds

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6
Q

How do you name an organic compound

A

Count the number of carbons, then add the prefix related to that number.

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7
Q

What are the suffixes for alkanes, Alkenes and alkynes?

A

Alkane - ane

Alkene - ene

Alkyne - yne

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8
Q

What is the difference between a alkane, alkene and alkyne?

A

Alkane - single bonds

Alkene - double bonds

Alkyne - triple bonds

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9
Q

What are the prefixes for 1-10?

A

Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Heat
Oct
Non
Dec

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10
Q

What is the Alkane general formula?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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11
Q

What is continuous chain alkane?

A

Carbon atoms connected in a non branching chain

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12
Q

What is a branched-chain alkane?

A

One or more branches of carbon atoms are attached to a continuous chain (isomer)

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13
Q

what is a Cycloalkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms are connected to one another in a cyclic (ring)

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14
Q

What are the properties of Alkane?

A
  • insoluble in water
  • density lower than water
  • boiling point increases in carbon-chain length/ring size
  • vigorous reaction with Oxygen (produces heat and light - exothermic)
  • I.e. natural gas, petroleum, methane, ethane
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15
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A compound having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements

As carbon increases, chances of isomers increases

Branching!

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16
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Only branching on the edges!

Compounds having same molecular and structural formulas but different orientations of atoms in space

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17
Q

What is a cis isomer vs. a trans isomer?

A

Cis - occurs on same side

Trans - on opposite sides of double bonds

18
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule formed by bonding of smaller ones, takes very long to break down

I..e styrofoam, plastic bags, prosthetics etc

19
Q

How do you name an alkane?

A

Count from the nearest carbon,

20
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

In Alkene hydrogenation, a hydrogen atom is added to each carbon atom of a double bond

Double bond = not enough hydrogen atoms

The opposite process (losing hydrogen and regaining double bond) is dehydrogenation

21
Q

How do you classify carbon atoms?

A

By the amount of carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms

Primary - carbon bonded to one other carbon
Secondary - carbon atom directly bonded to two other carbon atoms
Tertiary

22
Q

What are the functional groups in unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon-carbon Double or triple bonds

23
Q

What are arenes?

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons - 6 membered carbon ring

Benzene ring - circle drawn inside, opposite sides are double bonds

24
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

C(n)H(2n)

25
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Group of atoms that give molecules similar properties

Always have some properties and react in the same way

Identity of molecule

26
Q

What is the hydroxyl functional group?

A

-OH (oxygen and hydrogen)

-suffix is -ol

  • soluble in water, higher boiling point (undergoes hydrogen bonding)
27
Q

What are alcohols?

A

An organic compound in which an -OH group is bonded to a saturated carbon atom

Derivative of alkane - hydrogen atom replaced by hydroxyl group

28
Q

What is the R in R-OH

A

Radical - meaning the rest of the molecule

29
Q

How do you name alcohols?

A

Chain name, drop -e add -ol, add word alchohol separated

Number the chain to show position of -OH group

  • name and locate any other substituents present
30
Q

What are polydroxys?

A

Alcohols that possess more than one hydroxyl group

Diol - two groups

Trial - three groups

Final -e of parent alkane name is kept

31
Q

What is methanol?

A

Simplest alcohol

One carbon, one -OH

Known as wood alcohol

Fuel, natural gas

32
Q

What is ethanol?

A

Two carbon monohydroxy alcohol

Present in alcohol, vehicle fuel, yeast fermentation

Oxidised in human body by liver enzymes

33
Q

What is isopropyl and propanol

A

Three carbon monohydroxy alcohols

Rubbing alcohol, antiseptic etc

34
Q

What is glycerol

A

Three -OH groups on three different carbon atoms

Biological antifreeze, beauty products, retains water Vapor, lubricative, prevents crystallisation

Body produces is for fat metabolism

35
Q

What are properties of alchohol?

A

Both polar/non polar - influenced by number of polar hydroxyl groups present

Higher boiling and solubility points

Unlimited solubility - hydrogen bonding can occur

Extra energy needed to overcome alcohol-alcohol bond, hence higher boiling point

36
Q

What is a phenol and its structure?

A

An organic compound in which an -OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic carbon ring system

37
Q

What is an aryl group?

A

An aromatic carbon ring system from which one hydrogen atom has been removed

38
Q

What are some uses for phenols?

A

Antioxidants, antibacterials
BHA, BHT - prevents spoilage

Antioxidant - substance that oxidises itself in preference to other substances to protect them

39
Q

What is a polyphenol?

A

A compound in which two or more phenol entities are present within the compounds structure

Found within plant world

40
Q

What is a Thiol?

A

An organic compound that is a sulfydrol group bonded to a saturated atom

-SH (analogs of alcohols)

-suffix -Thiol

Cannot form hydrogen bonds

41
Q

What are some characteristics of Thiols?

A

Strong unpleasant odor
Lower boiling point
Higher volatility
Lower solubility in water compared to alcohols

42
Q

How does the oxidation of two Thiol groups occur?

A

Each two Thiols lose hydrogen atom, thus linking two slur atoms together

Forms disulphide (S_S) bond formation

Reduction - breaking disulphides bond regenerates two Thiol molecules

Biological Foundations (6 decks)

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