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Biological Foundations > Organic Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional group of aldehydes and ketones?

A

carbonyl group - carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

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2
Q

How are aldehydes/ketones formed?

A

Remove hydrogen atom from -OH group of alcohol and carbon atom from hydroxyl group

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3
Q

What is an aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl group is attached to at least one H atom

Always found at end of carbon chain

The other may be hydrogen, cycloalkane group or aromatic ring system

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4
Q

What is a ketone?

A

When carbonyl is attached to two other carbon atoms that are part of alkyl, cycoalkyl and aromatic ring system

Always found within carbon chain

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5
Q

What is formaldehyde?

A

Simplest one-carbon aldehyde
Colourless gas, irritating odour
Synthesised by oxidation of methanol
Preservative chemical

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6
Q

What is propanone?

A

Actetone, a ketone

Colourless, volatile liquid, sweet odor

Solvent, gasoline treatment, nail-polish reomover

Diabetic people produce larger amounts of acetone

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7
Q

How are aldehyde’s detected?

A

Tolkien test (silver mirror) and Benedict test

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8
Q

What flavours do aldehydes occur in?

A

vanilla, cinnamon, clove, butter

Air fresheners
Perfumes

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9
Q

What hormones do steroids show up as?

A

Testosterone, progesterone, cortisone etc

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10
Q

How are aldehydes oxidised and reduced?

A

Readily under oxidation to carboxylic acids
Breaking carbon-hydrogen bond
Must be protecting

Reduced to primary alcohols

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11
Q

How are ketones oxidised and reduced?

A

Resistance to oxidation, breaking of carbon-carbon bond

Reduced to yield secondary alcohols

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12
Q

How are hemiacetal’s formed?

A

Reaction with one molecule of alcohol

organic compound - carbon atom bonded to both hydroxyl group and alkoxy group

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13
Q

What is a carboxylic acid

A

Organic compound with carboxyl functional group - weak acid

Carbonyl group with hydroxyl group bonded to carbonyl carbon atom

Carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to at least one hydroxyl group

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14
Q

What are keto acids

A

Contain at carbonyl group with a carbon chain

I.e. pyruvic acid

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15
Q

what are carboxylic acid salts?

A

when carboxylic acid reacts with strong bases to form salt and water

I.e. soap, preservatives

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16
Q

What is an Ester?

A

carbonyl carbon atom bonded to at least one oxygen atom

1-2 additional bonds - oxygen atom, from alkyl cycoalkyl or aromatic group, hydrogen atom (from those 3 also)

17
Q

What is the esterification reaction?

A

Reaction of carboxylic acid with an alcohol (or phenol) to produce Ester and water

18
Q

What is Ester hydrolysis?

A

Ester reacting with water, producing carboxylic acid and alcohol

19
Q

What are 3 useful Esters?

A

Salicyclic acid
Acetic acid
Aspirin

20
Q

Where do esters occur?

A

flavouring agents
Pheromones
Medications

21
Q

Where does enzyme catalysed hydrolysis take place

A

In human body when fats/oils are being digested

22
Q

What is saponification?

A

Basic cleavage of ester link
Carried out with strong base to produced carboxylic acid salt (soap)

23
Q

What is an amine?

A

organic derivative of ammonia, in which one or more alkyl, cycoalkyl or aryl groups have replaced ammonia hydrogen atoms

24
Q

How are amines classified?

A

based on number of carbon atoms attached to nitrogen atom

Primary - 2 H
Secondary - 1 H
Tertiary - 0

25
Q

What does ammonia smell like?

A

foul smelling (dead fish, decaying flesh)

Due to diamines release by bacterial decomposition of protein

26
Q

What are some important amines?

A

neurotransmitters
Alkaloids (caffeine, nicotine, morphine)

27
Q

What is an amide?

A

An amino group that replaces the -OH of a carboxylic acid

Nitrogen also present

28
Q

What is the difference between a primary, secondary and tertiary amide?

A

Primary - amide ion in which two H atoms bonded to amide nitrogen atom

Secondary - alkyl group and H atom are bonded to amide nitrogen atom

Tertiary - two groups and no H atom are bonded to amide nitrogen atom

29
Q

What are common uses for amides?

A

urea - produced from carbon dioxide and ammonia

Melatonin - sleep wake cycle, hormones

30
Q

What is a polymide?

A

Condensation - monomers are joined by amide linkages

Additional stiffness and toughness - silk, wool

31
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chain (12-20 carbon atoms)

Less packing occurs - melting point lower

Hydrophilic head

32
Q

Why can’t Unsaturated fats be tightly packed?

A

because the double bonds that cause bends mean they do not fit flat together - tend to be liquid

33
Q

What is an alkaloid?

A

nitrogen contriving organic compound extracted from plant material

Nicotine, caffeine, morphine, codeine

Biological Foundations (6 decks)

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