Organic Chemistry 2

Question 1

What is the functional group of aldehydes and ketones?

Answer 1

carbonyl group - carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

Question 2

How are aldehydes/ketones formed?

Answer 2

Remove hydrogen atom from -OH group of alcohol and carbon atom from hydroxyl group

Question 3

What is an aldehyde?

Answer 3

Carbonyl group is attached to at least one H atom

Always found at end of carbon chain

The other may be hydrogen, cycloalkane group or aromatic ring system

Question 4

What is a ketone?

Answer 4

When carbonyl is attached to two other carbon atoms that are part of alkyl, cycoalkyl and aromatic ring system

Always found within carbon chain

Question 5

What is formaldehyde?

Answer 5

Simplest one-carbon aldehyde
Colourless gas, irritating odour
Synthesised by oxidation of methanol
Preservative chemical

Question 6

What is propanone?

Answer 6

Actetone, a ketone

Colourless, volatile liquid, sweet odor

Solvent, gasoline treatment, nail-polish reomover

Diabetic people produce larger amounts of acetone

Question 7

How are aldehyde’s detected?

Answer 7

Tolkien test (silver mirror) and Benedict test

Question 8

What flavours do aldehydes occur in?

Answer 8

vanilla, cinnamon, clove, butter

Air fresheners
Perfumes

Question 9

What hormones do steroids show up as?

Answer 9

Testosterone, progesterone, cortisone etc

Question 10

How are aldehydes oxidised and reduced?

Answer 10

Readily under oxidation to carboxylic acids
Breaking carbon-hydrogen bond
Must be protecting

Reduced to primary alcohols

Question 11

How are ketones oxidised and reduced?

Answer 11

Resistance to oxidation, breaking of carbon-carbon bond

Reduced to yield secondary alcohols

Question 12

How are hemiacetal’s formed?

Answer 12

Reaction with one molecule of alcohol

organic compound - carbon atom bonded to both hydroxyl group and alkoxy group

Question 13

What is a carboxylic acid

Answer 13

Organic compound with carboxyl functional group - weak acid

Carbonyl group with hydroxyl group bonded to carbonyl carbon atom

Carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to at least one hydroxyl group

Question 14

What are keto acids

Answer 14

Contain at carbonyl group with a carbon chain

I.e. pyruvic acid

Question 15

what are carboxylic acid salts?

Answer 15

when carboxylic acid reacts with strong bases to form salt and water

I.e. soap, preservatives

Question 16

What is an Ester?

Answer 16

carbonyl carbon atom bonded to at least one oxygen atom

1-2 additional bonds - oxygen atom, from alkyl cycoalkyl or aromatic group, hydrogen atom (from those 3 also)

Question 17

What is the esterification reaction?

Answer 17

Reaction of carboxylic acid with an alcohol (or phenol) to produce Ester and water

Question 18

What is Ester hydrolysis?

Answer 18

Ester reacting with water, producing carboxylic acid and alcohol

Question 19

What are 3 useful Esters?

Answer 19

Salicyclic acid
Acetic acid
Aspirin

Question 20

Where do esters occur?

Answer 20

flavouring agents
Pheromones
Medications

Question 21

Where does enzyme catalysed hydrolysis take place

Answer 21

In human body when fats/oils are being digested

Question 22

What is saponification?

Answer 22

Basic cleavage of ester link
Carried out with strong base to produced carboxylic acid salt (soap)

Question 23

What is an amine?

Answer 23

organic derivative of ammonia, in which one or more alkyl, cycoalkyl or aryl groups have replaced ammonia hydrogen atoms

Question 24

How are amines classified?

Answer 24

based on number of carbon atoms attached to nitrogen atom

Primary - 2 H
Secondary - 1 H
Tertiary - 0

Question 25

What does ammonia smell like?

Answer 25

foul smelling (dead fish, decaying flesh) Due to diamines release by bacterial decomposition of protein

Question 26

What are some important amines?

Answer 26

neurotransmitters Alkaloids (caffeine, nicotine, morphine)

Question 27

What is an amide?

Answer 27

An amino group that replaces the -OH of a carboxylic acid Nitrogen also present

Question 28

What is the difference between a primary, secondary and tertiary amide?

Answer 28

Primary - amide ion in which two H atoms bonded to amide nitrogen atom Secondary - alkyl group and H atom are bonded to amide nitrogen atom Tertiary - two groups and no H atom are bonded to amide nitrogen atom

Question 29

What are common uses for amides?

Answer 29

urea - produced from carbon dioxide and ammonia Melatonin - sleep wake cycle, hormones

Question 30

What is a polymide?

Answer 30

Condensation - monomers are joined by amide linkages Additional stiffness and toughness - silk, wool

Question 31

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 31

carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chain (12-20 carbon atoms) Less packing occurs - melting point lower Hydrophilic head

Question 32

Why can’t Unsaturated fats be tightly packed?

Answer 32

because the double bonds that cause bends mean they do not fit flat together - tend to be liquid

Question 33

What is an alkaloid?

Answer 33

nitrogen contriving organic compound extracted from plant material Nicotine, caffeine, morphine, codeine