Solutions

Question 0

What are the parameters of an appropriate solvent?

Answer 0

• liquid must completely dissolve all substances at desired concentration
• be nontoxic and safe for ingestion/topical application
• be aesthetically acceptable (appearance, aroma, texture, taste)

Question 1

What is the definition of a solution?

Answer 1

a thermodynamically stable, one-phase system composed to two or more components. One of which is completely dissolved in the other

Question 2

What are the advantages of a solution?

Answer 2

• homogeneous
• easily absorbed into body
• flexible in dose adjustment
• many routes of administration

Question 3

What are the disadvantages of solutions?

Answer 3

• less stable
• some drugs are not soluble
• need masking for bad taste
• heavier and bulkier for shipping
• patient has to measure it*****

Question 4

What are the routes of administration for solutions?

Answer 4

1. oral
2. parenteral
3. opthalmic
4. topical

Question 5

What does an excess of alcohol do to a syrup?

Answer 5

• it will cause the sugar to precipitate

Question 6

What is the importance of qs ad?

Answer 6

• volumes are not additive

- this allow the correct volume to be added

Question 7

What does “like dissolves like” mean when talking about solubility?

Answer 7

• materials with similar structures will dissolve more sufficiently

Question 8

How do polar groups affect solubility?

Answer 8

• the more polar groups, the better the solubility.

- polar groups will hydrogen bond with water molecules

Question 9

How do halogens affect solubility?

Answer 9

• will reduce the solubility
• will increase weight without increasing polarity
• reduces water solubility

Question 10

How is purified water obtained?

Answer 10

• distillation
• reverse osmosis
• ion exchange

Question 11

How is water for injections prepared?

Answer 11

• distillation OR reverse osmosis
• must have no pyrogens
• must be sterile

Question 12

What alcohol is used for pharmaceutics?

Answer 12

ethanol

Question 13

What are the alcohol level for certain ages?

Answer 13

12 = 10%

• there are exceptions

Question 14

What 2 substances should never be in a pharmacy?

Answer 14

• methanol

- ethylene glycol

Question 15

What can be used as a substitute for alcohol?

Answer 15

• propylene glycol

- glycerin

Question 16

What are elixirs?

Answer 16

• clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic
• lower sugar level, so might taste like shit due to the alcohol
• maintain water-soluble and alcohol-soluble ingredients in solution

Question 17

What are tinctures?

Answer 17

• alcoholic and hydroalcoholic
• 15-80% alcohol
• precipitation of ingredients due to high alcohol levels

Question 18

What are aromatic waters?

Answer 18

• clear aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils

Question 19

What are spirits?

Answer 19

• similar aromatic waters but contain alcohol

- can be used as flavoring agents

Question 20

What are collodions?

Answer 20

• pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent
• external use
• applied to skin, evaporates quickly and leaves a film on skin
• contains kerolytic substances (for warts)

Question 21

What are syrups?

Answer 21

• vehicle containing sucrose, NO MEDS

- contains 85% sucrose in purified water

Question 22

What is syrup NF?

Answer 22

simple syrup

Question 23

What can replace sucrose in a syrup?

Answer 23

• glycerin
• sorbitol
• propylene glycol

Question 24

How do you preserve a syrup?

Answer 24

with 18% alcohol

Question 25

1g of sucrose occupies ________

Answer 25

0.632 mL

Question 26

1g of sucrose preserves _________ water

Answer 26

0.545 mL

Question 27

Why must you be careful when heating a syrup?

Answer 27

you could caramelize the sugar

Question 28

What is the density of simple syrup?

How much sucrose is in this?

Answer 28

1. 313 g/mL

0. 85 g

Question 29

Simple syrup is not saturated so it can be store at room temps without __________________.

Answer 29

crystallization

Question 30

What is:

• benzocaine
• benzethonium chloride
• alcohol
• methyl salicylate
• purified water

Answer 30

• local anesthetic
• antimicrobial, antiseptic
• solvent, preservative
• scent, solvent
• solvent

Question 31

What is:

• antipyrine
• hydrocortisone
• neomycin sulfate
• sodium metabisulfate
• glycerin
• propylene glycol
• purified water

Answer 31

• antipyretic, analgesic
• anti-inflammatory, steroid
• antibiotic
• antioxidant
• humectant, solvent
• preservative, solvent
• solvent vehicle