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Compounding Exam 2 > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

define solutions vs suspensions vs emulsions

A

solutions - CLEAR liquid preparations w 1 or more agents DISSOLVED in a vehicle

suspensions = solid in liquid dispersions

emulsions - liquid in liquid dispersion

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2
Q

true or false

suspensions and emulsions are not homogenous, while solutions are

A

TRUE

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3
Q

as mentioned, solutions are homogenous - a mixture of 1 or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.

this dissolution is at the ____ or ____ level

A

molecular or ionic

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4
Q

true or false

solutions are not thermodynamically stable and is a 1 phase system

A

FALSE - they are 1 phase systems, but ARE thermodynamically stable

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5
Q

true or false

a solution can only be a solid homogenously dissolved in a liquid

A

FALSE

can be a combination of solids, liquids, and/or gasses

HOWEVER, for PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS — limited to a solid or liquid homogenously dissolved in a LIQUID SOLVENT

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6
Q

when looking at a compounding procedure, what is 1 way to tell that you are making a solution by looking at the instructions?

A

will say, “completely dissolved” in vehicle

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7
Q

true or false

a disadvantage of solutions is that they are not immediately available for absorption

A

FALSE - they are

no disintegration or dissolution needed like in the case of a tablet

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8
Q

true or false

solutions can be used via various routes of absorption, and this is an advantage

A

TRUE

ie - oral, topical, rectal, ophthalmic, otic, etc

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9
Q

which are more stable - solids or solutions

A

SOLIDS

thus, low stability is an issue with solutions

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10
Q

true or false

a disadvantage of solutions is that you need to mask any unpleasant taste

A

TRUE

bc when you drink it it spreads all over the tongue — suspensions and capsules are better for drugs that taste bad

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11
Q

what is a disadvantage of solutions when compared to unit dose forms

A

they are less accurate in their dosing

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12
Q

true or false

solutions are homogenous and can give a uniform dose

A

TRUE

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13
Q

true or false

solutions are hard to administer in patients who have difficulty swallowing, and this is a disadvantage

A

FALSE

easier to administer - ie - pediatrics who cant swallow pills

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14
Q

true or false

it is difficult to adjust the dose of solutions and this is a disadvantage

A

FALSE - easy to adjust and this is an advantag3e

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15
Q

do solutions need to be shaken before use?

A

NO

they are a homogenous, thermodynamically stable, 1 phase system

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16
Q

solutions are a ____ phase system

A

1

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17
Q

which gives faster absorption***
solutions or emulsions

A

SOLUTIONS ALWAYS

suspensions and emulsions need to still dissolve in the gastric fluid

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18
Q

true or false

a disadvantage of solutions is that they are difficult to handle, package, transport and store

A

TRUE

they are bulkier and heavier than tablets

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19
Q

________ may limit the use of solutionS

A

INTRINSIC SOLUBILITY

ie - if drug A is insoluble in water, we cannot make a stable solution

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20
Q

true or false

neither disintegration NOR dissolution is needed for solutions to absorb

A

true

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21
Q

explain how the USP defines approximate solubility using descriptive terms**

A

“parts of solventrequired for 1 part of solute”

ie - how many mL needed to dissolve 1 gram of solute

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22
Q

which is more soluble in water

Drug A: 1-10
Drug B: 30-100

A

“parts of solvent to dissolve 1 part solvent”

so higher the number = less soluble

DRUG A IS MORE SOLUBLE. less mL of solvent needed to dissolve the drug

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23
Q

“the solubility of a drug is the expression of quantity of a drug that can be maintained in solution at a given ___ and ___ and is usually expressed as….”

A

temp and pressure

mL solvent needed to dissolve 1 g of drug

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24
Q

name 4 types of aqueous solutions

A

syrups
aromatic waters
mucilages
aqueous acids

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25
Q

ALL aqueous solutions (syrups, aromatic waters, mucilages, aqueous acids), have what in common

A

WATER as the major vehicle

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26
Q

___ or ___ water should always be used when preparing pharmaceutical solutions

A

distilled or purified

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27
Q

syrups are a concentrated or nearly saturated solution of ____ in water

____% ____
less than ____10%____

A

SUCROSE

60-80% sucrose
less than 10% alcohol (to preserve free water in the syrup)

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28
Q

explain what aromatic waters are

A

saturated solutions of volatile oils in water - used to provide plesant flavor/smell

TYPE OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION

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29
Q

Explain what mucilages are

A

type of aqueous solution

THICK AND VISCOUS - vegetable gums dispersed in water

used as suspending or thickening agents

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30
Q

explain what aqueous acids are

A

dilute aqueous solutions of acids (usually less than 10%)

TYPE OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION

not dispensed - used as stock solution for compounding

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31
Q

*** syrup, USP contains _____g of sucrose and ____mL of water in EACH LITER OF SYRUP

thus, how many mL can be occupied by sucrose powder?

A

850g and 463mL water

1000mL - 463mL = 537mL of 1000mL can be occupied by sucrose

32
Q

2 purposes of syrup USP

A

-sweetening agent
-vehicle for other syrups

33
Q

true or false

Syrup, USP needs excipients to preserve it

A

FALSE

it is self preserving with miminal chance of crystallization

HOWEVER, DILUTED sucrose solutions are good for microorganism growth, so if the sucrose cons is below 85% w/v, SHOULD ADD ANOTHER PRESERVATIVE

34
Q

As mentioned, Syrup, USP is self preserving.

however, there is 463mL of water in 1000mL of Syrup, USP

how is this water being preserved?

A

the high sucrose concentration

35
Q

**Alcohol content of “Alcohol, USP”

A

95%

NOT 100%!!!!!!!

36
Q

non aqueous solutions are solutions that contain solvents other than water

name 2 frequently used non aqueous solvents

A

alcohol OR a binary mixture containing alcogol

37
Q

name 4 non aqueous solutions AND THEIR ALCOHOL CONTENTS*****

A

Elixir - 5-40%

spirits/essences - 62-85%

tinctures - 15-80%

38
Q

KEY WORD for tinctures

A

prepared from VEGETABLE OR CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES BY MACERATION OR PERCOLATION

39
Q

_______are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances

A

spirits or essences

40
Q

compared with syrups, elixirs are _____ sweet and ____ viscous

A

less sweet and less viscous (bc lower proportion of sugar)

41
Q

which are better at masking the taste of medicinal substances - syrups or elixirs?

A

syrups

42
Q

which is better to maintain BOTH water soluble and alcohol soluble components in solution- elixirs or aqueous syrups

A

elixirs - bc of hydroalcoholic character

43
Q

spirits are a convenient means of obtaining a proper amount of…..

A

A FLAVORING OIL

ie - peppermint spirit USP

44
Q

“clearm sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use”

A

elixirs

45
Q

**FDA limits on hydroalcoholic solutions for children

A

less than 6 yrs = less than 0.5%

6-12 yrs = less than 5%

children over 12 yrs = less than 10%

46
Q

usually, less than ___% of preservatives are needed

A

less than 1%

47
Q

how to differentiate between single and multi dose vials just from looking at the label

A

multi dose will have PRESERVATIVES

48
Q

Explain what antioxidants are and why they may be added to solutions

A

substances that prevent or inhibit oxidation

added to protect the components that are subject to chemical degradation by oxidation

49
Q

give some ex of antioxidants

A

vitamin c (ascorbic acid)
vitamin e (ascorbyl palmitate)

sodium bisulfate
sodium sulfite

BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)

tocopherol
monothioglycerol

LOOK FOR SULFATE.SULFITE, BUTYL, ETC

50
Q

2 purposes of sweeteners/flavoring agents in solutions

A

-enhances viscosity
-gives pleasant taste and texture

51
Q

_______ possess sweetening power that can be used for diabetic preparations

A

polyhydric alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol)

52
Q

**4 examples of common cosolvents

A

alcohol
glycerin
PEG400
propylene glycol

53
Q

purpose of cosolvents in solution

A

to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs

54
Q

what do sufactants do?

A

reduce INTERFACIAL TENSION between particles and the liquid vehicle, thus promoting wetting and solubilization

CREATES A HOMOGENEOUS DISPERSION OF SOLID PARTICLES IN A LIQUID VEHICLE

55
Q

Surfactants form ______ in solution when _____

A

micelles

at concentration over cmc (critical micelle concentration

56
Q

when a surfactant is added to a water insoluble drug in water, where does the water insoluble drug go?

A

solubilized in the hydrophobic core of the micelle

57
Q

4 examples of surfactants/solubilizers

A

tweens
spans
poloxamers
SLS

58
Q

true or false

ascorbic acid is an antimicrobial preservative

A

FALSE - it’s antioxidant

59
Q

is SLS a preservative

A

no - surfactant

60
Q

true or false

solutions should be clear with NO PARTICLES VISIBLE

A

true

61
Q

explain the general procedure for compounding solutions

A
  1. check solubility of all ingredients and make sure everything will dissolve in specified amount of solvent
  2. dissolve the solids in the solvent - AFTER TRITURATING THEM – BC SMOLER PARTICLES DISSOLVE FASTER!
  3. dissolve all powders at same time
  4. do the dissolution in a beaker with a stirring rod bc you can stir more effectively in a beaker than a grad cylinder
62
Q

true or false

trituration is optional for solutions

A

true!

if you already know it will dissolve in the solvent, you dont NEED to triturate

63
Q

where should you perform the dissolution when preparing solutions

A

IN A BEAKER - not grad cylinder

64
Q

when dissolving solids to prepare solution, explain how much solvent you should use

A

for ex, if solubility of drug is 1g/5mL of water and the formulation calls for 20mL, use all of the 20mL to dissolve the drug

65
Q

**when compounding solutions:

if the vehicle consists of more than 1 solvent (ie - alc and water) - which solvent should you dissolve the solid in??

A

the one in which the solid is MOST SOLUBLE

after the solid dissolves in this, add other solvents in order of decreasing solubility

ie - most soluble to least soluble

66
Q

when the solid is completely dissolved in the solvents, the solution should be transferred to a ________ to be “qs’ed” with the vehicle

NEVER transfer to a ____

A

GRAD CYLINDER

NEVER TO A BOTTLE

67
Q

in compounding solutions, we should never QS in a ___ or ____

A

beaker or bottle

68
Q

***differentiate between how the strength of API is expressed for solutions depending on the ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

A

topical - %
oral - amt/vol of each dose

69
Q

tocopherol is a preservative
(true or false)

A

FALSE - antioxidant. vitamin E

70
Q

true or false

bentonite is NOT a preservative

A

TRUE - it’s a clay that can increase the thickness of topical ointments

71
Q

true or false

cresol is not a preservative

A

FALSE - it is

72
Q

true or false

Pharmaceutical solutions are chemically more stable than solid dosage forms

A

FALSE

73
Q

true or false

alcohol is a vehicle used for topical solutions only

A

FALSE - as long as below certain % as mentioned, can be oral.

74
Q

true or false

syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of sucrose containing 60-85% sucrose

A

TRUE

75
Q

true or false

spirits are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use and contain 5-40% alcohol

A

FALSE

this is elixir

76
Q
A

Compounding Exam 2 (9 decks)

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