Ointments Flashcards
ointments are ____% water and ____% oil
what is it if these percentages are reversed?
less than 20% water and greater than 50% oil
if reversed, it’s a CREAM
purpose of unmedicated ointments
for protective effects, as emollients, and as lubricants
** name the 5 classifications of ointment bases
-hydrocarbon (oleaginous)
-anyhdrous absorption base
-W/O emulsion base
-O/W emulsion base
-water soluble (water miscible) base
what ointment base is also known as a hydrous absorption base?
W/O emulsion base
what ointment base is also known as a water removable base?
O/W emulsion base
Which ointment base stays the longest on the skin
oleaginous/hydrocarbon base
which ointment base is the most water washable
water soluble (water miscible) base
thin and easily spreadable and washable, but doesnt stay on the skin long
2 drugs that can be incorporated into hydrocarbon/oleaginous bases
solids or oils
true or false
for oleaginous bases, drug release for lipophilic drugs is POOR
true
______ and occlusiveness are opposites
spreadability
true or false
spreadability of oleaginous bases is difficult
true
****5 examples of oleaginous/hydrocarbon bases
(yellow) petrolatum
white petrolatum
yellow ointment
white ointment
vaseline
plastibase
components of yellow ointment and white ointment
what type of ointment base are they?
oleaginous/hydrocarbon base
yellow ointment = yellow wax + petrolatum
white ointment = white wax + white petrolatum
anhydrous absorption base is ___ +____
oleaginous base + W/O surfactant (LOW HLB – LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 8)
true or false
absorption bases contain NO WATER
TRUE
they contain no water, but will absorb 3x its weight in water to form a w/o emulsion
best ointment base for incorporating water
anhydrous absorption base
3 types of drugs that can be incorporated into anhydrous absorption bases
solids, oils, aqueous solutions
**name 5 anhydrous absorption bases
hydrophilic petrolatum
anhydrous lanolin
aquabase
aquaphor
polysorb
2 components of aquaphor and what kind of base is it
anhydrous absorption base
white petrolatum (oleaginous base) + lanolin alcohols (lipophilic surfactant)
another term for hydrous absorption base
w/o emulsion base
true or false
for hydrous absorption bases, the base itself contains water while for anhydrous absorption bases, it does not
true
composition of hydrous absorption bases
oleaginous base + WATER + W/O surfactant (HLB less than or = to 8)
true or false
hydrous absorption bases do not absorb water while anhydrous absorption bases DO
FALSE
both absorb water to form W/O emulsion, but hydrous not nearly as much as anhydrous
5 examples of hydrous absorption bases/ W/O emulsion bases**
hydrous lanolin
rose water ointment
cold cream
hydrocream
eucerin
components of eucerin and what kind of base is it
hydrous absorption base/ W.O absorption base
purified water + petrolatum + lanolin alcohol (lipophilic surfactant)
true or false
hydrous absorption bases contain preservatives
TRUE
bc of water content
O/W emulsion bases are also known as ___ bases and ___ bases
cream bases or water removable bases
composition of O/W emulsion bases
oleaginous base + water + O/W surfactant (HLB greater than or = to 9)
hydrous absorption bases and O/W emulsion bases all contain oleaginous base + water + surfactant
how are they different?
hydrous absorption bases contain less than 45%w/w in water and also contain a LIPOPHILIC SURFACTANT
O/W emulsion bases contain GREATER THAN 45%W/W in water and a HYDROPHILIC SURFACTANT
5 examples of O/W emulsion bases/ water removable bases
hydrophilic ointment
vanishing cream
dermabase
velvachol
unibase
composition of water soluble ointment bases
PEGS
TRUE OR FALSE
water soluble ointment bases are the ONLY ointment base without an oleaginous base as part of the composition
TRUE
water soluble bases can be used as vehicles for….
solids
example of water soluble ointment base
PEG OINTMENT
(40% PEG 4000 + 60% PEG 400)
TRUE OR FALSE
aquaphor is a o/w emulsion base
FALSE
anhydrous absorption base
what kind of ointment base is dermabase
O/W emulsion “cream” base / water removable base
what kind of base is white petrolatum
hydrocarbon base
which has greater storage stability — ointments or suspensions/emulsions?
OINTMENTS
have smaller amount of water
2 stability concerns of ointments and how can they be resolved
“bleeding” - phase separation – can see water droplets expelled out – use ANHYDROUS ABSORPTION BASE
dehydration – (evaporation of water) – ADD HUMECTANTS to slow the evaporation of water and the drying out of the base
3 ex of humectants that can be added to ointment bases to prevent the dehydration and evaporation of water from the base and drying out
propylene glycol
sorbitol
PEG
name these bases:
aquaphor
eucerin
white ointment
PEG ointment NF
aquaphor - anhydrous absorption base
white ointment - oleaginous base
eucerin - hydrous absorption base
PEG ointment NF - water soluble base
true or false
water removable bases contain water
TRUE
O/W emulsions (cream bases)
name 2 methods of preparing ointments
fusion method
mechanical incorporation method
when is the fusion method of preparing ointments used?
explain how it is done
when u need to combine ingredients with varying consistencies
ingredients combined by MELTING THEM TOGETHER and stirring until congealed
(highest melting point 1st, and then the rest)
the mechanical incorporation method of preparing ointments is also known as the ____ method
levigation
true or false
levigation is the process of reducing the particle size of a solid
true
***explain what levigation is
process of reducing the particle size of a solid by triturating it with a small amount of liquid or melted base to wet the solid
TO MAKE A SMOOTH ELEGANT PRODUCT
***should the drug be miscible with the levigating agent??
should the levigating agent be miscible with the base/vehicle?
drug should be INSOLUBLE in the levigating agent
the levigating agent SHOULD be miscible in the base/vehicle
mineral oil and cottonseed oil are likely to be levigating agents for which ointment base?
glycerin PEG and PPG are likely to be levigating agents for which ointment base?
oils - W/O emulsions
glycerin, PEG, PPG - O/W emulsions, water soluble bases
REMEMBER - levigating agents must be miscible with base
***polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) is used as a levigating agent for —–
coal tar
_____ is recommended for levigating pruvian balsam
castor oil
icthammol is levigated with ____ or fixed oils
glycerin
what is the approximate amount of levigating agent used?
less than 5%
MIN AMOUNT SHOULD BE USED
*****compounding petrolatum-based ointment for dry skin
the ointment must contain Yellow Petrolatum and Drug A, which is soluble in water and alcohol
which levigating agent should you use?
-olive oil
-ethanol
-water
OLIVE OIL
drug A is soluble in the other 2 and we DONT WANT THIS
also, olive oil (the levigating agent) is miscible with the base which is good
true or false
trituration is optional when preparing ointments
FALSE
necessary
we don’t want grittiness
explain geometric dilution
Drug A 1 gram
Drug B 3g
Drug C 9g
1 g drug a
add 3g drug b in portions
add drug c in portions
SMALLEST TO LARGERST
what is a “nucleus”
add a SMALL amount of paste to ALL the powders – just enough to make a stiff paste – and levigate until completely particle free - forms a NUCLEUS for the rest of the ointment
then the rest of the base is added using geometric dilusion
TRUE OR FALSE
% of ointment formulaiton is ALWAYS %w/w
TRUE
***** very important consideration for urea (crystals) when preparing ointments
urea is a hard crystalline – trituration is NOT ENOUGH to reduce the particle size
HAS TO BE DISSOLVED IN WATER BEFORE INCORPORATED
***you get a prescription for urea and white petrolatum
what is the issue
even if you dissolve the urea in water, YOU CANNOT JUST USE THE WHITE PETROLATUM – bleeding will occur
have to use additional ABSORPTION base. anhydrous absorption base preferred but can also use hydrous absorption base
**as mentioned, urea cannot just be triturated it must be dissolved in water
explain the amount of water
its solubility is 1g/1.5mL of water
use the MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER required for sdissoluion
**as mentioned, we need to add absorption base in cases of urea + oleaginous base
how do we know how much to add?
what is the rule of thumb?***
USE 2X THE AMOUNT OF WATER
if you have 3mL of water use 6g of aquaphor
true or false
ointments do NOT need to be sterile
true
BUT must meet certain microbial standards
***dermatological products like ointments should be examined for what 2 bacteria?
pseduomonas and staph aureus
*** what 3 routes should be tested for certain things? what are they?
rectal, urethral, or vaginal
yests and molds
true or false
it is required for an ointment label to contain information regarding the type of base was used
FALSE - OPTIONAL
must HAVE AUX STICKER EXTERNAL USE ONLY
true or false
a hydrophilic drug in an oily base will release quickly
TRUE
***true or false
any of these can be used to get insoluble powders in ointments into the finest state:
trituration
pulverization by intervention
levigating agents
TRUE
all can be used
2 purposes of levigating agents
increase the surface area of the active ingredient which in turn reduces particle size
true or false
release rate of a drug from the base depends on the solubility of the drug in the ointment base ONLY
false
solubility + properties of the ointment base itself
an ointment ____ is preferred over an ointment ____ when incorporating liquid into an ointment
slab over pad
