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Compounding Exam 2 > Ointments > Flashcards

Ointments Flashcards

1
Q

ointments are ____% water and ____% oil

what is it if these percentages are reversed?

A

less than 20% water and greater than 50% oil

if reversed, it’s a CREAM

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2
Q

purpose of unmedicated ointments

A

for protective effects, as emollients, and as lubricants

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3
Q

** name the 5 classifications of ointment bases

A

-hydrocarbon (oleaginous)

-anyhdrous absorption base

-W/O emulsion base

-O/W emulsion base

-water soluble (water miscible) base

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4
Q

what ointment base is also known as a hydrous absorption base?

A

W/O emulsion base

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5
Q

what ointment base is also known as a water removable base?

A

O/W emulsion base

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6
Q

Which ointment base stays the longest on the skin

A

oleaginous/hydrocarbon base

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7
Q

which ointment base is the most water washable

A

water soluble (water miscible) base

thin and easily spreadable and washable, but doesnt stay on the skin long

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8
Q

2 drugs that can be incorporated into hydrocarbon/oleaginous bases

A

solids or oils

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9
Q

true or false

for oleaginous bases, drug release for lipophilic drugs is POOR

A

true

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10
Q

______ and occlusiveness are opposites

A

spreadability

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11
Q

true or false

spreadability of oleaginous bases is difficult

A

true

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12
Q

****5 examples of oleaginous/hydrocarbon bases

A

(yellow) petrolatum
white petrolatum

yellow ointment
white ointment

vaseline
plastibase

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13
Q

components of yellow ointment and white ointment

what type of ointment base are they?

A

oleaginous/hydrocarbon base

yellow ointment = yellow wax + petrolatum

white ointment = white wax + white petrolatum

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14
Q

anhydrous absorption base is ___ +____

A

oleaginous base + W/O surfactant (LOW HLB – LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 8)

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15
Q

true or false

absorption bases contain NO WATER

A

TRUE

they contain no water, but will absorb 3x its weight in water to form a w/o emulsion

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16
Q

best ointment base for incorporating water

A

anhydrous absorption base

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17
Q

3 types of drugs that can be incorporated into anhydrous absorption bases

A

solids, oils, aqueous solutions

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18
Q

**name 5 anhydrous absorption bases

A

hydrophilic petrolatum

anhydrous lanolin

aquabase

aquaphor

polysorb

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19
Q

2 components of aquaphor and what kind of base is it

A

anhydrous absorption base

white petrolatum (oleaginous base) + lanolin alcohols (lipophilic surfactant)

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20
Q

another term for hydrous absorption base

A

w/o emulsion base

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21
Q

true or false

for hydrous absorption bases, the base itself contains water while for anhydrous absorption bases, it does not

A

true

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22
Q

composition of hydrous absorption bases

A

oleaginous base + WATER + W/O surfactant (HLB less than or = to 8)

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23
Q

true or false

hydrous absorption bases do not absorb water while anhydrous absorption bases DO

A

FALSE

both absorb water to form W/O emulsion, but hydrous not nearly as much as anhydrous

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24
Q

5 examples of hydrous absorption bases/ W/O emulsion bases**

A

hydrous lanolin
rose water ointment
cold cream
hydrocream
eucerin

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25
Q

components of eucerin and what kind of base is it

A

hydrous absorption base/ W.O absorption base

purified water + petrolatum + lanolin alcohol (lipophilic surfactant)

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26
Q

true or false

hydrous absorption bases contain preservatives

A

TRUE

bc of water content

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27
Q

O/W emulsion bases are also known as ___ bases and ___ bases

A

cream bases or water removable bases

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28
Q

composition of O/W emulsion bases

A

oleaginous base + water + O/W surfactant (HLB greater than or = to 9)

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29
Q

hydrous absorption bases and O/W emulsion bases all contain oleaginous base + water + surfactant

how are they different?

A

hydrous absorption bases contain less than 45%w/w in water and also contain a LIPOPHILIC SURFACTANT

O/W emulsion bases contain GREATER THAN 45%W/W in water and a HYDROPHILIC SURFACTANT

30
Q

5 examples of O/W emulsion bases/ water removable bases

A

hydrophilic ointment

vanishing cream

dermabase

velvachol

unibase

31
Q

composition of water soluble ointment bases

A

PEGS

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

water soluble ointment bases are the ONLY ointment base without an oleaginous base as part of the composition

A

TRUE

33
Q

water soluble bases can be used as vehicles for….

A

solids

34
Q

example of water soluble ointment base

A

PEG OINTMENT

(40% PEG 4000 + 60% PEG 400)

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

aquaphor is a o/w emulsion base

A

FALSE

anhydrous absorption base

36
Q

what kind of ointment base is dermabase

A

O/W emulsion “cream” base / water removable base

37
Q

what kind of base is white petrolatum

A

hydrocarbon base

38
Q

which has greater storage stability — ointments or suspensions/emulsions?

A

OINTMENTS

have smaller amount of water

39
Q

2 stability concerns of ointments and how can they be resolved

A

“bleeding” - phase separation – can see water droplets expelled out – use ANHYDROUS ABSORPTION BASE

dehydration – (evaporation of water) – ADD HUMECTANTS to slow the evaporation of water and the drying out of the base

40
Q

3 ex of humectants that can be added to ointment bases to prevent the dehydration and evaporation of water from the base and drying out

A

propylene glycol
sorbitol
PEG

41
Q

name these bases:

aquaphor
eucerin
white ointment
PEG ointment NF

A

aquaphor - anhydrous absorption base

white ointment - oleaginous base

eucerin - hydrous absorption base

PEG ointment NF - water soluble base

42
Q

true or false

water removable bases contain water

A

TRUE

O/W emulsions (cream bases)

43
Q

name 2 methods of preparing ointments

A

fusion method

mechanical incorporation method

44
Q

when is the fusion method of preparing ointments used?

explain how it is done

A

when u need to combine ingredients with varying consistencies

ingredients combined by MELTING THEM TOGETHER and stirring until congealed

(highest melting point 1st, and then the rest)

45
Q

the mechanical incorporation method of preparing ointments is also known as the ____ method

A

levigation

46
Q

true or false

levigation is the process of reducing the particle size of a solid

A

true

47
Q

***explain what levigation is

A

process of reducing the particle size of a solid by triturating it with a small amount of liquid or melted base to wet the solid

TO MAKE A SMOOTH ELEGANT PRODUCT

48
Q

***should the drug be miscible with the levigating agent??

should the levigating agent be miscible with the base/vehicle?

A

drug should be INSOLUBLE in the levigating agent

the levigating agent SHOULD be miscible in the base/vehicle

49
Q

mineral oil and cottonseed oil are likely to be levigating agents for which ointment base?

glycerin PEG and PPG are likely to be levigating agents for which ointment base?

A

oils - W/O emulsions

glycerin, PEG, PPG - O/W emulsions, water soluble bases

REMEMBER - levigating agents must be miscible with base

50
Q

***polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) is used as a levigating agent for —–

A

coal tar

51
Q

_____ is recommended for levigating pruvian balsam

A

castor oil

52
Q

icthammol is levigated with ____ or fixed oils

A

glycerin

53
Q

what is the approximate amount of levigating agent used?

A

less than 5%

MIN AMOUNT SHOULD BE USED

54
Q

*****compounding petrolatum-based ointment for dry skin

the ointment must contain Yellow Petrolatum and Drug A, which is soluble in water and alcohol

which levigating agent should you use?

-olive oil
-ethanol
-water

A

OLIVE OIL

drug A is soluble in the other 2 and we DONT WANT THIS

also, olive oil (the levigating agent) is miscible with the base which is good

55
Q

true or false

trituration is optional when preparing ointments

A

FALSE

necessary

we don’t want grittiness

56
Q

explain geometric dilution

Drug A 1 gram
Drug B 3g
Drug C 9g

A

1 g drug a
add 3g drug b in portions
add drug c in portions

SMALLEST TO LARGERST

57
Q

what is a “nucleus”

A

add a SMALL amount of paste to ALL the powders – just enough to make a stiff paste – and levigate until completely particle free - forms a NUCLEUS for the rest of the ointment

then the rest of the base is added using geometric dilusion

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

% of ointment formulaiton is ALWAYS %w/w

A

TRUE

59
Q

***** very important consideration for urea (crystals) when preparing ointments

A

urea is a hard crystalline – trituration is NOT ENOUGH to reduce the particle size

HAS TO BE DISSOLVED IN WATER BEFORE INCORPORATED

60
Q

***you get a prescription for urea and white petrolatum

what is the issue

A

even if you dissolve the urea in water, YOU CANNOT JUST USE THE WHITE PETROLATUM – bleeding will occur

have to use additional ABSORPTION base. anhydrous absorption base preferred but can also use hydrous absorption base

61
Q

**as mentioned, urea cannot just be triturated it must be dissolved in water

explain the amount of water

A

its solubility is 1g/1.5mL of water

use the MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER required for sdissoluion

62
Q

**as mentioned, we need to add absorption base in cases of urea + oleaginous base

how do we know how much to add?
what is the rule of thumb?***

A

USE 2X THE AMOUNT OF WATER

if you have 3mL of water use 6g of aquaphor

63
Q

true or false

ointments do NOT need to be sterile

A

true

BUT must meet certain microbial standards

64
Q

***dermatological products like ointments should be examined for what 2 bacteria?

A

pseduomonas and staph aureus

65
Q

*** what 3 routes should be tested for certain things? what are they?

A

rectal, urethral, or vaginal

yests and molds

66
Q

true or false

it is required for an ointment label to contain information regarding the type of base was used

A

FALSE - OPTIONAL

must HAVE AUX STICKER EXTERNAL USE ONLY

67
Q

true or false

a hydrophilic drug in an oily base will release quickly

A

TRUE

68
Q

***true or false

any of these can be used to get insoluble powders in ointments into the finest state:

trituration
pulverization by intervention
levigating agents

A

TRUE

all can be used

69
Q

2 purposes of levigating agents

A

increase the surface area of the active ingredient which in turn reduces particle size

70
Q

true or false

release rate of a drug from the base depends on the solubility of the drug in the ointment base ONLY

A

false

solubility + properties of the ointment base itself

71
Q

an ointment ____ is preferred over an ointment ____ when incorporating liquid into an ointment

A

slab over pad

72
Q
A

Compounding Exam 2 (9 decks)

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