Solutions

Question 1

Liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

Answer 1

Solutions

Question 2

Solutions may be classified as

Answer 2

Oral
Otic
Ophthalmic
Topical

Question 3

Solubility

Answer 3

Unsaturated sol’n - more solute dissolves
Saturated sol’n - no more solute dissolves
Superunsaturated sol’n - seed crystals added

Question 4

Factors that affect solubility

Answer 4

1. Temperature
2. Physical property of solute and solvent
3. Solubilities of weak acids and weak bases
4. State of subdivision of the solute
5. Physical agitation

Question 5

Many of the important organic medicinal agents are either weak acids or weak bases, and their solubility depends on

Answer 5

PH of the solvent

Question 6

Examples of weak bases

Answer 6

Alkaloids (atropine, codeine, morphine)
Antihistamines (diphenhydramine, promethazine)
Local anesthetics (cocaine, procaine, tetracaine)

Question 7

Not very water soluble , but soluble in weak acids

Answer 7

Weak bases

Question 8

Example of weak acids

Answer 8

Barbiturate drugs (phenobarbital)
Sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfacetamide)

Question 9

Form water-soluble salts in basic solution, and may separate from solution by lowering the pH

Answer 9

Weak acids

Question 10

More soluble in organic solvents like ROH

Answer 10

Organic bases

Question 11

Meaning of “Like dissolves like”

Answer 11

A solvent having a chemical structure most similar to that of the intended solute will be most likely to dissolve it.

Question 12

Example under physical agitation

Answer 12

Calcium hydroxide solution, USP

Question 13

Other characteristics of an ideal solvent includes

Answer 13

CLOVEC-PCC

Clarity
Low toxicity
Odor
Viscosity
Economy
Compatibility with other formulative ingredients
Palatability
Chemical inertness
Color

Question 14

Used as a primary solvent for many organic compounds.

Answer 14

Alcohol, USP : Ethyl alcohol, Ethanol

Question 15

Alcohol + Water mixture that dissolves both alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances

Answer 15

Hydroalcoholic mixture

Question 16

Content of alcohol USP by volume

Answer 16

94.9% to 96% ethanol (C2H5OH) by volume

Question 17

Dehydrated alcohol is also known as

Answer 17

Absolute Alcohol

Question 18

How many percent of ethanol does absolute alcohol have, and when it is used?

Answer 18

NLT 99.5% and is used when water free alcohol is desired

Question 19

Alcohol is often preferred because of its miscibility with water and its ability to dissolve many water-insoluble ingredients,
including

Answer 19

Drug substances
Flavorants
Antimicrobial preservatives

Question 20

Solvents for liquid preparations

Answer 20

ADRGIPP

Alcohol, USP: Ethyl alcohol, Ethanol
Diluted Alcohol, NF
Rubbing Alcohol
Glycerine, USP (Glycerol)
Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol
Propylene Glycol
Purified water, USP

Question 21

Percent of alcohol for children

Answer 21

Below 6y/old - 0.5%
6-12 y/old - 5%
Above 12 y/old 10%

Question 22

Relative term of Solubility

Answer 22

Very Free Si Par Slight Very Slight Prac

Very soluble - <1
Freely soluble - 1 - 10
Soluble - 10 - 30
Sparingly soluble - 30 - 100
Slightly soluble - 100 - 1,000
Very slightly soluble - 1,000 - 10,000
Practically insoluble or insoluble - > 10,000

Question 23

How to prepare Diluted Alcohol

Answer 23

Mixing equal volumes of Alcohol and Purified water

Question 24

A useful hydroalcoholic solvent in various pharmaceutical processes and preparations.

Answer 24

Diluted Alcohol

Question 25

RUBBING ALCOHOL

Answer 25

No notes

Question 26

A clear syrupy liquid with a sweet taste. It is miscible with both water and alcohol. For internal preparations

Answer 26

Glycerin, USP (Glycerol)

Question 27

Used externally as a rubefacient and soothing rub and as a vehicle for topical products.

Answer 27

Isopropyl Rubbing alcohol

Question 28

It is a useful solvent with a wide range of applications and is frequently substituted for glycerin in modern pharmaceutical formulations.

Answer 28

Propylene Glycol

Question 29

Purified water is obtained by

Answer 29

by distillation, ion exchange treatment, reverse osmosis or other suitable process.

Question 30

Intended for use in the preparation of aqueous DF except those intended for parenteral administration

Answer 30

Purified water, USP

Question 31

Has fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking water? When evaporated to dryness, it must not yield more than how many percent of residue?

Answer 31

Purified water, USP 0.001%

Question 32

Example of aqueous solution for parenteral administration

Answer 32

Water for Injection, USP Bacteriostatic water for injection, USP Sterile water for injection, USP

Question 33

Most solutions intended for oral administration contains what? And why?

Answer 33

flavorants and colorants to make the medication more attractive and palatable.

Question 34

Example of a solution that has an unusually large dose, i.e. 200 mL

Answer 34

Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Difflam) Anti-inflammatory drug (200mL)

Question 35

Oral Solutions and Preparations for Oral Solution

Answer 35

Dry Mixtures for Solution Oral Solutions Oral Rehydration Solutions

Question 36

What are the steps in reconstituting Amoxil® Suspension?

Answer 36

a. Tap the bottle until all powder flows freely b. Add approximately 1/3 of the total amount of water for reconstitution (78 mL) c. Shake vigorously to wet powder d. Add remaining water e. Shake again vigorously

Question 37

Diarrhea is a normal physiologic body response to rid itself of a noxious or toxic substance, such as

Answer 37

Rotavirus & Escherichia coli

Question 38

Use of ORS

Answer 38

allow the diarrhea to proceed and not to terminate it too quickly but promptly replace the lost fluid and electrolytes to prevent dehydration.

Question 39

The loss of fluid during diarrhea is accompanied by depletion of

Answer 39

Sodium Potassium Bicarbonate ions

Question 40

Severe loss of fluid during diarrhea can result to

Answer 40

Acidosis Hyperpnea Vomiting Hypovolemic shock

Question 41

This drug is usually effective in treatment of patients with mild volume depletion which occurs during diarrhea and/or vomiting.

Answer 41

Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS)

Question 42

ORS contains what?

Answer 42

Sodium Potassium Chloride Citrate Glucose