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DDS LEC > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

Liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

A

Solutions

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2
Q

Solutions may be classified as

A

Oral
Otic
Ophthalmic
Topical

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3
Q

Solubility

A

Unsaturated sol’n - more solute dissolves
Saturated sol’n - no more solute dissolves
Superunsaturated sol’n - seed crystals added

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4
Q

Factors that affect solubility

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Physical property of solute and solvent
  3. Solubilities of weak acids and weak bases
  4. State of subdivision of the solute
  5. Physical agitation
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5
Q

Many of the important organic medicinal agents are either weak acids or weak bases, and their solubility depends on

A

PH of the solvent

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6
Q

Examples of weak bases

A

Alkaloids (atropine, codeine, morphine)
Antihistamines (diphenhydramine, promethazine)
Local anesthetics (cocaine, procaine, tetracaine)

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7
Q

Not very water soluble , but soluble in weak acids

A

Weak bases

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8
Q

Example of weak acids

A

Barbiturate drugs (phenobarbital)
Sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfacetamide)

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9
Q

Form water-soluble salts in basic solution, and may separate from solution by lowering the pH

A

Weak acids

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10
Q

More soluble in organic solvents like ROH

A

Organic bases

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11
Q

Meaning of “Like dissolves like”

A

A solvent having a chemical structure most similar to that of the intended solute will be most likely to dissolve it.

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12
Q

Example under physical agitation

A

Calcium hydroxide solution, USP

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13
Q

Other characteristics of an ideal solvent includes

A

CLOVEC-PCC

Clarity
Low toxicity
Odor
Viscosity
Economy
Compatibility with other formulative ingredients
Palatability
Chemical inertness
Color

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14
Q

Used as a primary solvent for many organic compounds.

A

Alcohol, USP : Ethyl alcohol, Ethanol

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15
Q

Alcohol + Water mixture that dissolves both alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances

A

Hydroalcoholic mixture

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16
Q

Content of alcohol USP by volume

A

94.9% to 96% ethanol (C2H5OH) by volume

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17
Q

Dehydrated alcohol is also known as

A

Absolute Alcohol

18
Q

How many percent of ethanol does absolute alcohol have, and when it is used?

A

NLT 99.5% and is used when water free alcohol is desired

19
Q

Alcohol is often preferred because of its miscibility with water and its ability to dissolve many water-insoluble ingredients,
including

A

Drug substances
Flavorants
Antimicrobial preservatives

20
Q

Solvents for liquid preparations

A

ADRGIPP

Alcohol, USP: Ethyl alcohol, Ethanol
Diluted Alcohol, NF
Rubbing Alcohol
Glycerine, USP (Glycerol)
Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol
Propylene Glycol
Purified water, USP

21
Q

Percent of alcohol for children

A

Below 6y/old - 0.5%
6-12 y/old - 5%
Above 12 y/old 10%

22
Q

Relative term of Solubility

A

Very Free Si Par Slight Very Slight Prac

Very soluble - <1
Freely soluble - 1 - 10
Soluble - 10 - 30
Sparingly soluble - 30 - 100
Slightly soluble - 100 - 1,000
Very slightly soluble - 1,000 - 10,000
Practically insoluble or insoluble - > 10,000

23
Q

How to prepare Diluted Alcohol

A

Mixing equal volumes of Alcohol and Purified water

24
Q

A useful hydroalcoholic solvent in various pharmaceutical processes and preparations.

A

Diluted Alcohol

25
Q

RUBBING ALCOHOL

A

No notes

26
Q

A clear syrupy liquid with a sweet taste. It is miscible with both water and alcohol. For internal preparations

A

Glycerin, USP (Glycerol)

27
Q

Used externally as a rubefacient and soothing rub and as a vehicle for topical products.

A

Isopropyl Rubbing alcohol

28
Q

It is a useful solvent with a wide range of applications and is frequently substituted for glycerin in modern pharmaceutical formulations.

A

Propylene Glycol

29
Q

Purified water is obtained by

A

by distillation, ion exchange treatment, reverse osmosis or other suitable process.

30
Q

Intended for use in the preparation of aqueous DF except those intended for parenteral administration

A

Purified water, USP

31
Q

Has fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking water? When evaporated to dryness, it must not yield more than how many percent of residue?

A

Purified water, USP
0.001%

32
Q

Example of aqueous solution for parenteral administration

A

Water for Injection, USP
Bacteriostatic water for injection, USP
Sterile water for injection, USP

33
Q

Most solutions intended for oral administration contains what? And why?

A

flavorants and colorants to make the
medication more attractive and palatable.

34
Q

Example of a solution that has an unusually large dose, i.e. 200 mL

A

Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Difflam)

Anti-inflammatory drug (200mL)

35
Q

Oral Solutions and Preparations for Oral Solution

A

Dry Mixtures for Solution
Oral Solutions
Oral Rehydration Solutions

36
Q

What are the steps in reconstituting Amoxil® Suspension?

A

a. Tap the bottle until all powder flows freely
b. Add approximately 1/3 of the total amount of water for reconstitution (78 mL)
c. Shake vigorously to wet powder
d. Add remaining water
e. Shake again vigorously

37
Q

Diarrhea is a normal physiologic body response to rid itself of a noxious or toxic substance, such as

A

Rotavirus & Escherichia coli

38
Q

Use of ORS

A

allow the diarrhea to proceed and not to terminate it too quickly but promptly replace the lost fluid and electrolytes to prevent dehydration.

39
Q

The loss of fluid during diarrhea is accompanied by depletion of

A

Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate ions

40
Q

Severe loss of fluid during diarrhea can result to

A

Acidosis
Hyperpnea
Vomiting
Hypovolemic shock

41
Q

This drug is usually effective in treatment of patients with mild volume depletion which occurs during diarrhea and/or vomiting.

A

Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS)

42
Q

ORS contains what?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride Citrate
Glucose

DDS LEC (6 decks)

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