Solutions

Question 1

Solution

Answer 1

Homogenous mixture of at least 2 components

Question 2

Solute

Answer 2

Components present in lower quantities

Question 3

Solvent

Answer 3

Component(s) present in larger quantities

Question 4

Miscible

Answer 4

When 2 components form a solution at any proportion

Question 5

Immiscible

Answer 5

2 compounds that never dissolve in one another
Ex. Water and oil

Question 6

Solubility

Answer 6

The maximum amount of a given solute that can dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature

Question 7

What types of solutes can form solutions

Answer 7

-Non-polar solutes and solvents
-polar solutes and solvents

*Non-polar and polar together often have poor solubility

Question 8

Solutions that do not conduct electricity

Answer 8

-covalently bonded substances
-pure water
-mannitol
-urea

Question 9

Partition coefficient

Answer 9

-Ratio of concentrations of a solute distributed between two solvents of the same volume
-depend on temperature
-unit less number
-represented by Greek letter lambda
-ex. Blood/gas coefficient

Question 10

Temperature effects on partition coefficients

Answer 10

Lower temp: greater solubility in the liquid
Higher temp: greater solubility in the gas

Question 11

Concentration effect on partition coefficients

Answer 11

Increase concentration: even increase in gas and liquid phase
Decrease concentration: even decrease in gas and liquid phase

Question 12

Molarity

Answer 12

moles of solute / liters of solution
M

Question 13

Molality

Answer 13

moles of solute / kg solvent
m
ex. radiation drugs

Question 14

Molarity vs Molality

Answer 14

~ 1 kg of solvent = ~1 L of solution
usually molarity is about equal to molality

Question 15

Mole fraction

Answer 15

of moles of solute A in a given volume / total # of moles of all solutes and solvents in same volume

-commonly used for concentrations of gases in mixtures
-expressed as percentage or fraction
-ex. air contains 21% oxygen (for every 100 molecules, 21 are oxygen)

Question 16

equivalents

Answer 16

moles of substance x absolute value of charge
ex. 136 mEq/L = 0.136 equivalents x 1 = 0.136 moles

Question 17

dilution

Answer 17

-remove some solute - C1V1=C2V2
-add more solvent - C1V1=C2x (V1+V2)

Question 18

single dilution

Answer 18

shift decimal point once to the left
diluting 1 ml with 9 ml

Question 19

double dilution

Answer 19

shift decimal point twice to the left
diluting 1 ml with 9 ml x2

Question 20

osmosis

Answer 20

movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane
-depends on the concentration difference between “stuck” items

Question 21

Which way is the water movement between 1 M NaCl and 1 M CaCl2

Answer 21

water movement towards 1 M CaCl2

Question 22

serum osmolarity

Answer 22

mosm/L (mmoles/L)
2(Na+) + (BUN/2.8) + (glucose/18)

Question 23

relative tonicity

Answer 23

refers to the difference in “stuck stuff”
-hypo: less than
-iso: equal to
-hyper: greater than

Question 24

hypoalbuminemia on osmosis

Answer 24

-electrolytes flow with ease
-proteins are not permeable through membrane
-ECF has more proteins than intravascular volume
-fluid shifts to ECF

Question 25

hyponatremia effect on osmosis

Answer 25

-BBB permeable to water
-BBB not readily permeable to electrolytes & proteins
-Brain has increased electrolytes compared to intravascular volume
-fluid shifts to brain

Question 26

why do changes in protein concentrations have little effect on hyponatremia

Answer 26

can’t give enough to drive water to intravascular volume
-proteins are larger and counts as one “stuck” item compared to a smaller molecule such as NaCl that counts as two “stuck” items

Question 27

hydrophilic colloid

Answer 27

solute dissolves in the solvent
-forms a stable mixture
-can see through it

Question 28

hydrophobic colloid

Answer 28

lack of attraction between solute and solvent
-form an unstable mixture
-usually cannot see through
-stability increased with emulsifier

Question 29

ways to make solutions of water-insoluble drugs

Answer 29

1. a hydrophobic colloid + emulsifier
2. change the solvent (Etomidate + water + propylene glycol)
3. alter the pH (local anesthetics w/low pH solution)
4. add a group that is removed in vivo (prodrug, ex. Fospropofol)