Solutions Flashcards
is a mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase.
solution
the part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount)
SOLUTE
the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the greater amount)
SOLVENT
Solute + Solvent =
Solution
if two liquids dissolve in each other in any proportion as in water and alcohol
Miscible
when two liquid components form a single phase when mixed in certain proportions but form two phases when mixed in different proportions like benzene and water
Partially Miscible
when two components are insoluble in each other like water and mercury
Immiscible
contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.
Saturated solution
contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature
Unsaturated solution
- contain more solute that a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature
Supersaturated solutions
The supersaturation is only temporary, and usually accomplished in one of two ways:
- Warm the solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the solution
- Evaporate some of the solvent carefully so that the solute does not solidify and come out of solution.
when there is evolution of heat during its formation, thus when the components of this solution are mixed, the solution becomes hot, like NaOH in water
Exothermic solution
when there is absorption of heat during its formation, thus when the components of this solution are mixed, the solution becomes cold
Endothermic solution
a solution which contains a relatively large amount of solute
Dilute solution
solution which contains a relatively large amount of solute
Concentrated solution
solution with the same concentration as the standard Normal Saline Solution (0.85 – 0.9% NaCl is isotonic with the concentration of salt in the blood)
Isotonic solution
solution whose concentration is lower than the standard
Hypotonic Solution
solution whose concentration is greater than the standard
Hypertonic Solution
Properties of Solutions
- Particles in a solution are non-settling.
- Particles in a solution pass through filters
3.Solutions are clear even when colored.
4.Particles in a solution are diffusible
5.Solutions can undergo osmosis
6.Boiling point of solutions of a non-volatile compound is always higher than in pure solvent.
7.Freezing point of solutions of a non-volatile compound is always lower than in pure solvent
8.Osmotic pressure is higher in solutions of higher concentrations
Movement of a fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The particles will mix until they are evenly distributed.
Diffusion
Properties determined by the number of particles in solution rather than the type of particles.
Colligative Properties
Colligative Properties
- Vapor Pressure
- Boiling Point
- Freezing Point
- Osmotic Pressure
of a liquid is the water temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid
Boiling Point
describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid(a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent.
Boiling-point elevation
is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back into their original form (either liquid or solid).
Vapor pressure
describes the phenomenon that the freezing point of a liquid (a solvent) is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent.
Freezing-point depression
is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a difference in concentration between solutions on the two sides of a surface such as a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
A property of a substance which allows it to form uniform mixtures with other substance or the weight of a substance dissolved by a given weight of volume of solvent at a given temperature.
Solubility
when a given solute is readily soluble in a given amount of solvent e.g. sugar in water
Soluble or very soluble
when a given solute in a given amount of solvent with the aid of outside factor such as stirring or shaking e.g. sodium sulfate in water
Moderately soluble
when the solute is partially dissolved in a given amount of solvent
eg. CaO in water
Slightly soluble
when a given solute does not dissolve in a given amount of water
e.g. sand in water
Insoluble
in general decrease the solubility of a gas in liquids
Heating
results in increased solubility of a gas in a liquid
Increased pressure
Relative solubilities of two liquids in each other are determined by its
degree of similarity
increase the miscibility of liquids
Heat
Solids/Liquids- Solubility increases with Temperature
Increase K.E. increases motion and collision between solute / solvent.
ii) gas - Solubility decreases with Temperature
Increase K.E. result in gas escaping to atmosphere.
Temperature
i) Solids/Liquids - Very little effect
Solids and Liquids are already close together, extra pressure will not increase solubility.
ii) gas - Solubility increases with Pressure.
Increase pressure squeezes gas solute into solvent.
Pressure Fact
that the amount of solute gas dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the amount of pressure above the solution.
Henry Law
water with dissolved carbon dioxide gas.
“carbonated water”
Pulverization or grinding of a solid to fine powder will increase area to the solvent
Size of Solute
Shaking or stirring bring out about circulation of the solvent and maximum contact between solute and solvent
Agitation
Heating increases the solubility of most solids
Temperature
Among the halogens, Fluorine is the most active and combines with Hydrogen with explosive violence
Nature of the reactants
This favors reaction. If there is greater contact and collision among the molecules, there is increased reaction velocity
Close Contact
Chemical reations proceed more rapidly in higher temperature.
Temperature
This speeds up the rate of the reaction. Some catalysts form intermediated product with one of the reactants while others are only contact catalysts. Negative catalysts retard the rate of the reaction.
Catalysts
- The more molecules in a definite volume, the greater will the speed of reaction.
- is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
- This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in a substance.
Concentration
