Solutions Flashcards
Suspensions
Heterogeneous
Settles when left alone
Filterable
The particle sizes are different
Tyndall effect
Ex. oil and water
Colloids
Homogeneous
Does NOT settle when left alone
Is NOT filterable
Particle sizes are the same
Tyndall effect
Solutions
Homogeneous
Does NOT settle when left alone
Is NOT filterable
Particle sizes are the same
Tyndall effect does NOT work
Tyndall Effect
Blocking of light by suspended particles
Solute
What is dissolved
Solvent
What the solute is dissolved in
Solubility
The max. amount of solute an amount of solvent can hold at a certain temp.
Alloys
Are NOT metallic bonds
Physical mixtures of a metal and another type of atom
Made by melting down and mixing the atoms
Ex. Brass, steel, aluminum foil, bronze
Miscble
2 liquids that mix
Immiscible
2 liquids that do not mix
Temperature Affecting Solubility
In a SOLID - LIQUID solution, solubility INCREASES as temperature INCREASES
In a GAS - LIQUID solution, solubility DECREASES as temperature INCREASES
Pressure Affecting Solubility
In a GAS - LIQUID solution, solubility INCREASES as the pressure of a gas over the liquid INCREASES
Factors Affecting Rate of Solution
- Adjust temperature (heat for solid - liquid, cool for gas - liquid)
- Stir the solution (agitate it)
- Increase the surface area of the solute (crush solute into a powder
Rate of Solution
How fast a solute is dissolved in a solvent
Solubility Curve
Shows the solubility against temperature (graph)
Saturated
At the maximum amount of solute a solvent can hold
Unstaurated
Below the maximum amount of solute a solvent can hold
Supersaturated
Past the maximum amount of solute a solvent can hold, the solute remains dissolved
Oversaturated
Past the maximum amount of solute a solvent can hold
Endothermic
Uses heat from the surroundings to dissolve
Higher heat = higher solubility
Feels cold to the touch
Mostly solids
Exothermic
Releases heat when it dissolves
Feels hot to the touch
Higher heat = lower solubility
Mostly gasses
Neutral
It is not affected by heat
For the most part does not use nor release heat as it dissolves
Feels room temp. to the touch
Molarity
M = Mol of solute / L of solution
Molality
m = Mol solute / Kg of solvent
Dilution
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
Mass Percent
Mass solute / Mass solution x100 = %
Solubility Rules
Soluble:
All Nitrates, Acetates, Ammonium, and group 1A
All Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides EXCEPT with Silver, Lead, and Mercury (1)
All Fluorides EXCEPT with group 2A, Lead (2), and Iron (3)
All Sulfates EXCEPT with Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Mercury, Lead (2), and Silver
Insoluble:
All Carbonates, and Phosphates EXCEPT with group 1A, and Ammonium
All Hydroxides EXCEPT with group 1A, Strontium, Barium, and Ammonium
All Sulfides EXCEPT with group 1A, group 2A, and Ammonium
All Oxides EXCEPT with group 1A
