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Physics MA > solids, liquids, gases > Flashcards

solids, liquids, gases Flashcards

pg. 55

1
Q

what is density?

A

mass per unit volume

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2
Q

what is density a measure of (in simpler terms)?

A

the measure of compactness of a substance

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3
Q

what is the equation for density?

A

density (fancy p - ρ) = mass (m) / volume (v)

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4
Q

what does the density of an object depend on? what does av density determine?

A

what the object is made of. NOT SIZE OR SHAPE
av density - determines whether it floats or sink - a solid object will float on a fluid and if it has a lower density than fluid

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5
Q

how to measure density?

A

measure the mass with a balance. Then find the volume e.g., if it is a cube then length ^3
e.g., if it is an irregular shape then you can submerge it in a eureka can filled with water. the displacement by the object will be transferred to the measuring cylinder
then use the formula d = m/v to find the density

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6
Q

what is pressure

A

force per unit area (the measure of force being applied onto the surface of something)

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7
Q

what is the unit for pressure?

A

Pa , Pascals or kiloPascals, kPa

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8
Q

what is one pascal defined as?

A

1N/m^2

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9
Q

what is the equation for pressure?

A

pressure = force/area

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10
Q

what is the difference between the same force being applied onto a smaller vs larger area?

A

smaller area - higher pressure
larger area - larger pressure

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11
Q

how does pressure act in gases and liquids?

A

pressure acts eqaully in all directions at any point in gases and liquids

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12
Q

how does pressure increase with depth in gases and liquids?

A

pressure increases with depth e.g., pressure is higher at the bottom of the sea than at the surface and it is lower higher up in the atmosphere than close to earth

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13
Q

what does pressure difference in liquids and gases depend on?

A

density

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14
Q

what is pressure difference?

A

the difference in pressure between two points in a liquid or gas. it depends on height difference (metres), and the density (kg/m^3) of the substance.

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15
Q

what is the equation for pressure difference?

A

pressure difference = height x density x gravitational field strength

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16
Q

what is the unit for density?

A

kg/m^3

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17
Q

what is gravitational field strength?

A

10 m/s^2

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18
Q

what does kinetic theory explain?

A

the 3 states of matter

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19
Q

what is the difference of the different states?

A

the arrangement and energy or the particles are different

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20
Q

describe the arrangement of particles in solids

A

strong forces of attraction hold the particles close together in fixed, regular arrangements. The particles dont have much energy so they can only vibrate about their fixed positions

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21
Q

describe the arrangement of particles in liquids

A

there are weaker forces of attraction between the particles. The particles are close together , but can often move past eachother and form irregular arrangements. The particles have more energy than in a solid so they can move around in random directions at low speeds

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22
Q

describe the arrangement of particles in gases

A

there are almost no forces of attraction between the particles. The particles have more energy than those in liquids and solids and they are free to move, and travel in random directions at high speeds.

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23
Q

what is the thermal energy store?

A

the thermal energy store is where the energy in a substance is held. This energy is held by particles in their kinetic energy stores which is what the thermal energy store actually is

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24
Q

what happens when you heat a liquid?

A

the extra energy is transferred into the particles’ kinetic energy stores, making them move faster.

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25
Q

how does a liquid turn into a gas? describe this in detail

A

when enough heat is applied to a liquid, the (extra energy is transferred into the particles’ kinetic energy stores, making them move faster) particles have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them and so big bubbles of gas form in a liquid
AKA BOILING

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26
Q

how does a solid turn into a liquid? describe this in detail

A

If you heat a solid the extra enerfy makes the particles move faster until eventually the forces between them are partly overcome and the particles start to move around
AKA MELTING

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27
Q

when a substance melts or boils, what is the energy used for?

A

it is used for breaking the bonds between the particles, rather than raising the temperature. so the substance stays at a constant temperature

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28
Q

what happens to a substance when it is condensing or freezing?

A

the bonds are forming between particles, which releases energy meaning temp doesn’t decrease untill all of the substance has changed state

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29
Q

what is evaporation?

A

when particles escape from a liquid and become gas particles

30
Q

when can evaportation occur?

A

at temperatures that are much lower than the liquid’s boiling point

31
Q

when can particles neat the surface of a liquid and become gad particles?

A
  • the particles are traveling in the right direction to escape the liquid
  • the particles are traveling fast enough (they have eneough energy in kinetic energy stores) to oversome the attractive forces of the other particles in the liquid
32
Q

which particles are most likely to evaporate? what happens when they do?

A

the fastest particles, with the most kinetic energy.
when they do, the average speed and energy in the kinetic energy stores of the remaining particles decrease. these means that the average temp of the liquid decreases and it cools.
e.g., sweating - sweat from your skin evaporates and it cools you down

33
Q

what does particle theory say about colliding gas particles?

A

creates pressure

34
Q

how can you get a temp-time graph for water? practical

A
  1. fill a breaker with crushed ice. place a thermometer into the beaker and record the temp of the ice
  2. using the bunsen burner, gradually heat the beaker full of ice
  3. every 20 secs, record temp, and current state of the ice (e.g., partially melted, completely melted). continue this until the waster begins to boil.
  4. plot a graph of temp against time for your experiment
  5. the graph should kind of look like steps or rice terraces/hills
    you should also get similar graph for condensing and freezing but the opposite way around
35
Q

draw out temp-time graph. label each bit

A

should look like steps. refer to p 55

36
Q

if you heat something up what happens to the particles?

A

the particles gain more eneregy and the move about quickly and vibrate more. Likewide, if you cool something down, then it will lose energy

37
Q

what is absolute 0?

A

-273 degrees

38
Q

what does it mean if something is absolutely 0?

A

the particles have as little energy in their kinetic energy stores as it is possible to get

39
Q

what is 0 kelvin

A

0 kelvin is -273 degrees AKA absolute zero

40
Q

what is the symbol for Kelvin?

A

K

41
Q
A
41
Q

how do you convert from celsius to kelvins?

A

you just add 273

42
Q

how do you convert from kelvins to celsius?

A

subtract 273

43
Q

is somethign is -10 in celcius, what is it in kelvin?

A

263 K

44
Q

if something is 243 kelvin, then what is it in degrees celcius?

A

-30 degrees celcius

45
Q

what is the energy in particles’ kinetic energy store proportional to?

A

temperature

46
Q

what is energy equal to?

A

1/2 m v ^2

47
Q

unit for celcius?

A

°C

48
Q

how do gas particles create pressure?

A
  1. As gas particles move about, they randomly bang into each other anything else in the way.
  2. (Gas particles are very light, but they aren’t massless.) When they collide with something, they exert a force on it and their momentum and direction change. e.g., In a sealed container. gas particles smash against the container’s walls - creating an outward pressure.
  3. This pressure depends on how fast the particles are going and how often they hit the walls.
  4. If you heat a gas, the particles move faster and have more energy in their kinetic stores.
This increase in energy means the particles hit the container walls harder and more frequently, resulting in a larger force, creating more pressure.
  5. if you put the same fixed amount of gas in a bigger container, the pressure will decrease, as there’s fewer collisions between the gas particles and the container’s walls. When the volume’s reduced, the particles get more squashed up and so they hit the walls more frequently, producing a larger force over a smaller surface area, which increases the pressure.
49
Q

what is kelvin temp proporitonal to?

A

av kinetic energy of molecules

50
Q

what is the relationship between poressure, volume and constant in a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature

A

pressure x volume = constant

51
Q

what is the relationship between kelvin temp and pressure in a fixed mass of gass at a constant volume

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2
or P1xV1=P2xT2

52
Q

what is the qualitative relationship between pressure volume and constant temp?

A

The qualitative relationship between pressure and volume at a constant temperature is that they are inversely proportional:
Boyle’s Law: This gas law states that when the temperature of a gas is constant, the product of its pressure and volume is also constant. This means that if the pressure increases, the volume will decrease, and vice versa.
Compression and expansion: If a gas is compressed, its volume decreases, which increases its pressure. If a gas is expanded, its volume increases, which decreases its pressure.

53
Q

what is the qualitative relationship between pressure, kelvin temperature and constant volume?

A

The qualitative relationship between pressure, Kelvin temperature, and constant volume is that pressure is directly proportional to temperature when volume is constant
As the temperature of a gas at constant volume increases, its pressure also increases. Conversely, if the temperature decreases, the pressure decreases as well, as long as the volume remains constant.

54
Q

what does specific heat capacity relate?

A

temperatuere and energy

55
Q

what does heating a substance do?

A

increase internal energy of a substance in its thermal energy store aka internal energy. therefore, temp is a way of measuring av internal energy of a substance. but it can take more energy to heat one substance than another

56
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of a substance?

A

the energy required to change the temperature of an object by 1 degree celcius per kilogram of mass

57
Q

what is the change in the energy stored in a substance when you heat it?

A

to the change in temperature by its specific heat capacity

58
Q

what is the equation relating energy, mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature?

A

change in thermal energy (j) = mass (kg) x specific heat capacity (j/kgC) x change in temp (C)
△Q= m x c x △T

59
Q

what is the unit for change in thermal energy?

A

J

60
Q

what is the unit for mass?

A

kg

61
Q

what is the unit for specific heat capacity?

A

j/kgC

62
Q

decribe a practical where you can find the specific heat capacity of materials including water and some solids

A

If you can, you should use a thermally insulated container for both of these experiments to reduce energy wasted to the surroundings (p.45).
Use a mass balance to measure the mass of the insulating container.
Fill the container with water and measure the mass again. The difference in mass is the mass of the water in the container.
heater
Set up the experiment (joulmeter attatched to an electric immersion heater which is in the water. put a thermometer into the water. make sure the water is kept in an insulating container) — make sure the joulemeter reads zero and place a lid on the container it you have one.
Measure the temperature of the water, then turn on the power.
Keep an eye on the thermometer. When the temperature has increased by e.g. ten degrees, switch off the power and record this temperature increase and the enerey on the joulemeter
You can then calculate the specific heat capacity of the water by rearranging the equation above, and plugging in your measurements.
Repeat the whole experiment at least three times,
then calculate an average of the specific heat capacity.

You can use a similar method to find the specific heat capacity of a solid. Make sure the block of material you use has two holes in it for the heater and thermometer, and wrap it up with insulating layer before starting. When you have switched off the power and finished timing. wait until the temperature has stopped increasing before recording the highest final tempera
— this gives the energy from the heater time to spread through the solid block.

63
Q

Explain how the motion of the gas particles produces a pressure inside the
container

A

MP1. particles collide/impact/eq;
MP2. with sides/walls of container;
MP3. idea that force is produced;
MP4. idea of pressure as force on an
area;

64
Q

As the diver breathes out, bubbles of gas are released and rise to the surface.
The bubbles increase in volume as they rise.
Explain this increase in volume.

A

pressure decreases (with
decreasing depth)/ p = h × ρ × g;
MP2 pV is constant (for fixed mass of
gas)/ p1 × V1 = p2 × V2;
v is inversely
proportional to p
MP3 MP4 OR
Sea may be warmer near the
surface;
(causing the pressure inside the
bubble to increase)which causes
the volume to increase

65
Q

what might you need to add if it asks for TOTAL pressure?

A

atmospheric and the other pressure you have. e.g. if a diver is underwater you must add both the pressure underwater and atmospheric pressure

66
Q

if you have a tube which is hollow and has three short tubes at different depths sticking out, and the tube is filled, why does the water from each have the path it does? expalin this pattern.

A

MP1. water at bottom has greater
pressure / pressure increases
with depth;
MP2. (therefore) force on water at the
bottom is greatest;

67
Q

why does hot air go to the top of a hot air balloon?

A

convection
hot air is less dense

68
Q

as a hot air balloon climbs higher, pressure outside decreases. why?

A

atmospheric density decreases as
height increases;
MP2. depth (from top of atmosphere)
decreases;
MP3. temperature of air is colder /
(cold)molecules move slower;

69
Q

how does a decrease in pressure outside the balloon affects the hot air inside the hot air balloon?

A

MP1. air inside/balloon expands;
MP2. (hot) air escapes (from the
balloon);
MP3. hot air (now) cools down / need to
use burner;

Physics MA (9 decks)

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