Solid tumours Flashcards
Risk factors for bowel cancer
UC, Crohn’s, FAP, Low fibre diet, Smoking
Presentation of bowel cancer
Altered bowel habit, Melena, PR bleed, Anaemia, Weight loss, Tenesmus
Red flag symptoms for bowel cancer
Altered bowel habit > 6 weeks, PR bleed if > 45yr, Palpable mass, Iron deficiency anaemia
Common sites of bowel cancer metastases
Liver, Lung, Bone
Investigations for bowel cancer
Bloods (FBC, LFTs), Colonoscopy, CT CAP
Describe Duke’s staging
A - Above musclaris mucosa, B - Deep of musclaris mucosa, C - Lymph nodes, D - Mets
Management of bowel cancer
Chemotherapy, Radio therapy, Surgery
Surgery for removal of tumour in the sigmoid colon
Anterior resection
Surgery for removal of tumour in the rectum
Abdomino-perineal resection
Surgery for removal of tumour in the ascending colon
Right hemicolectomy
Surgery for removal of tumour in the descending colon
Left hemicolectomy
State the 2 methods of bowel cancer screening
Colonoscopy at 55 and faecal occult blood sampling at 65
Describe the process of faecal occult blood sampling
Normal - repeat in 2 years, 1 positive - repeat, 2 second positive offer colonoscopy
Risk factors for breast cancer
Family history, Advanced age, BRCA, Alcohol, Obesity, Late pregnancy, Early menarche, Late menopause, HRT, OCP
Symptoms of breast cancer
Lump, Nipple discharge, Redness, Weight loss, Bone pain
Signs of breast cancer
Skin dimpling, Nipple eczema (Paget’s), Lymphadenopathy, Inverted nipple
Tool to determine prognosis of breast cancer
Nottingham prognostic index
Investigations for breast cancer
Mammogram (older), USS (younger), FNA or core biopsy
Management of breast cancer
Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Tamoxifen (is ER +ve), Herceptin (if HER2 +ve), Lumpectomy, Wide local excision, Mastectomy
Symptoms of melanoma
Asymmetry, Irregular border, Irregular colour, Diameter > 7mm, Evolving, Bleeding, Crusting, Inflammation
What to examine in skin cancer
Check nodes (axilla, groin, neck), Look for local reoccurance, Check sun exposed skin
Management of melanoma
Surgical removal