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LARE SECTION 2 > Soils And Geomorphology > Flashcards

Soils And Geomorphology Flashcards

1
Q

Define geomorphology

A

The scientific study of landscapes and land forms on the earth’s surface and the processes is acting on them

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2
Q

Characteristics of the Active layer in a permafrost environment

A

The surface layer characterized by freezing and thawing on a seasonal basis

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3
Q

Define aggradation

A

Filling in a stream channel with sediment usually associated with low discharges and or heaving sediment loads

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4
Q

Scouring and downcutting of a stream channel usually associated with high discharges

A

Degradation

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5
Q

Erodibility

A

The relative susceptibility of a soil to erosion

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6
Q

The k-factor

A

US soil conservation service term for a value used in the universal soil loss equation representing relative erodibility

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7
Q

Erosion

A

The removal of rock debris through moving water, wind, or glaciers.

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8
Q

Geomorphic system

A

A physical system comprised of an assemblage of landforms linked together by Geomorphic processes

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9
Q

What is a hard pan soil layer and how is it formed

A

A cemented layer in the soil usually 2 to 4 feet under the surface. Formed chemically by lime, iron, or silicate materials deposited at the same level and cementing the soil particles together.

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10
Q

Define mass wasting

A

The movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Examples include rockfalls, slumps, debris flows.

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11
Q

What events can cause mass wasting

A

Can be caused by rain fall, seismic activity

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12
Q

How is a moraine Landform formed

A

Comprised of material left behind by a moving glacier usually soil and rock

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13
Q

Soil types from smallest to largest

A

Clay (0.002 mm or smaller)
Silt (0.002 - 0.05)
Sand (2 - 0.05)

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14
Q

Describes the soil changes from soil to semisolid to plastic to liquid as water is added to dry soil

A

Atterberg limits

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15
Q

Moisture content in the soil at the threshold between semi solid and plastic

A

Plastic limit

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16
Q

Moisture content in the soil at the threshold between plastic and liquid.

A

Liquid limit

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17
Q

Moisture content in the soil at the threshold between solid and semisolid

A

Shrinkage limit

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18
Q

Symptoms of compacted soils

A

Poor aeration, reduced infiltration. Caused by the space between soil particles being greatly reduced or eliminated

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19
Q

What would cause a blueish tint in a soil

A

Anaerobic soils (conditions resulting from a restriction of oxygen in the soil)

20
Q

Bearing capacity

A

The measure of the soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight

21
Q

The minimum moisture content at which a soil will flow under its own weight

A

Liquid limit

22
Q

The ability of a soil to return to its original shape after being subjected to a load condition

A

Soil elasticity

23
Q

Surficial geology

A

Concerning the study of materials near or at the earths surface

24
Q

What can be learned from boreholes on site

A

Depth to bedrock

25
Q

Hydric soil

A

Soil which is either permanently or periodically saturated with water

26
Q

Soils devoid of oxygen most often occurs in wetlands

A

Anaerobic

27
Q

Soil particles transported by wind

A

Aeolian

28
Q

A type of soil with characteristics resulting from prolong saturation and anaerobic conditions

A

Hydric soil

29
Q

Shear strength

A

The ability of a soil to hold together under pressure from a downhill force

30
Q

Which soil texture type is most susceptible to erosion

A

Silt

31
Q

Soil amendments that increase pH (make it less acidic)

A 
Lime
Wood ash
Oyster shells
Calcium nitrate
Industrial CO (burned lime)
32
Q

Soil amendments that decrease pH (make it less alkaline)

A 
Pine needles/sawdust
Iron sulfate
Calcium sulfate
Sulfur/sulfuric acid
Acidic Peat
Aluminum Sulphate
33
Q

Ideal pH range for maximum absorption of nutrients

A

5.5-6.5

34
Q

Resistance to crushing or buckling force

A

Compressive strength

35
Q

The method of mechanically increasing the density of soil by reducing the total pore space

A

Compaction

36
Q

Angle of repose

A

Steepest angle before slumping

37
Q

Angle of repose of drained sand

A

33%

38
Q

Angle of repose of boulders

A

45%

39
Q

Angle of repose of loam

A

45%

40
Q

What percentage make up of sand/silt/clay makes loam?

A

20% clay 40% silt 40% sand

41
Q

What is a good NPK ratio?

A

3-1-2

42
Q

A high pH would mean a soil is -

A

Alkaline

43
Q

A low pH would mean a soil is -

A

Acidic

44
Q

What test should be performed to determine the maximum density of a soil

A

Proctor test

45
Q

Typical features and causes of alkaline soils

A

pH 7-14

usually associated with areas of lower rainfall, micronutrients may be less available

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