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LARE SECTION 2 > Hydrology > Flashcards

Hydrology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Alluvial fan and what regions are they most common in

A

A fan shaped deposit of sediment lay down by a stream at the foot of a slope such as a mountain, canyon, or hill.

Common in dry regions

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2
Q

Define aquifer

A

Any sub surface material that holds a relatively large quantity of ground water and is able to transmit that water readily

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3
Q

Define backshore

A

The zone behind the shore between the beach berm in the back shore slope

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4
Q

Define backshore slope

A

The bank or bluff landward of the shore that is comprised of in-situ material

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5
Q

River condition prior to flooding

A

Bankfull discharge

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6
Q

The portion of streamflow contributed by ground water.

A

Baseflow

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7
Q

A ribbon of sand deposited crossed the mouth of a bay

A

Bay-mouth bar

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8
Q

What is a coastal Dune and how is it formed?

A

A sand dune that forms in coastal areas and is fed by sand from the beach

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9
Q

The central route of drainage, usually channel and valley in a drainage basin

A

Conveyance zone

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10
Q

A rain storm of a given intensity and frequency of reoccurrence used as the basis for sizing stormwater facilities such a storm sewers

A

Design storm

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11
Q

A strategy used in Stormwater management in which runoff is detained on site to be released later at some prescribed rate

A

Detention

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12
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area that contributes runoff to a stream river or lake

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13
Q

The number of kilometres of stream channels per square kilometre of land

A

Drainage density

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14
Q

Ephemeral stream

A

A stream without base flow i.e. one that flows only during and after rainstorms or snowmelt events

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15
Q

Eutrophication

A

Increase of biomass within a water body leading to infilling and the eventual disappearance of open water. Can be caused by an increase of nutrients in the water body

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16
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The loss of water from the soil through in evaporation and transpiration

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17
Q

Floodway Fringe

A

The portion of the flood plain between the floodway and the outer limit of the flood risk area

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18
Q

Leachate

A

Water that is percolated through a solid and leached out some of the constituents. Problematic if emanating from decomposing waste or chemical landfill.

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19
Q

How does a Natural Levee form?

A

Buildup from sediment, silt, and other materials pushed aside by flowing water along side a stream or river for example

20
Q

Littoral zone

A

Also known as nearshore, is the area of a sea lake or river that is close to the shore. Is the area where sunlight penetrates all the way to the sediment and allows aquatic plants (macrophytes) to grow

21
Q

Littoral drift

A

Long shore transportation of sediments along the upper shore due to the action of breaking and longshore currents

22
Q

Peak discharge

A

Flow which occurs when the maximum flood stage or depth is reached in a stream as a result of a storm event

23
Q

Perennial stream

A

Characterized by consistent baseflow

24
Q

Intermittent streams

A

Characterized by a base flow present in the channel at least once per year

25
Q

What type of wetlands are typically characterized by herbaceous vegetation no taller than 6 feet

A

Marshes

26
Q

What types of wetlands are typically characterized by having acidic soils

A

Bogs

27
Q

Time of concentration definition

A

Amount of time it takes for water to flow from the most remote point in a watershed to the watershed outlet

28
Q

Water circulates using five methods, what are those methods?

A

Precipitation, overland flow, infiltration, storage, and evapotranspiration

29
Q

Groundwater flows using what action

A

Capillary action

30
Q

Three general categories of wetlands, classified by soil and plant conditions

A

1) Areas with Hydrophytes and Hydric soils
2) areas without soils but with hydrophytes
3) areas without soils or hydrophytes that are periodically flooded

31
Q

What types of wetlands would be classified as having both hydric soil and Hydrophytes

A

Marshes, bogs, swamps

32
Q

What wetlands will be classified as having no soils but contain Hydrophytes

A

Seaweed covered rocky shores and aquatic beds

33
Q

What wetlands have neither Hydrophytes nor hydric soils and experience periodic flooding

A

Gravel beaches and tidal flats

34
Q

Five classifications of wetlands under the US federal fish and wildlife service?

A

Marine, Estuarine, Riverine, lacustrine, palustrine

35
Q

Open oceans and the associated coast lines fall under what category of wetlands

A

Marine

36
Q

Tidal waters of coastal rivers, and embayments, mangrove swamps and title flats Fall under what category of wetlands

A

Estuarine

37
Q

Rivers and streams fall under what category of wetlands

A

Riverine

38
Q

Lakes, Reservoir’s, and large ponds fall under what category of wetlands

A

Lacustrine

39
Q

Marshes, wet meadows, fens, playas, pocosins, bogs, swamps, and small shallow ponds fall under what catagory of wetlands

A

Palustrine

40
Q

What are two criticisms of constructed wetlands

A

Lacks the biodiversity of a naturally occurring system and may alter local hydrological regimes

41
Q

A wetland fed by ground water, dominated by Pete Moss, rich and mineral salts and is alkaline is called…

A

A fen

42
Q

Characteristics of a Lacustrine Wetland

A

Shallow depth, growth of aquatic vegetation, 20 acres or more, less than 30% vegetation cover

43
Q

What are common characteristics of an estuarine wetland

A

Brackish waters, semi-enclosed where riverine water meets sea water, highly productive ecosystems, along shoreline, varies in size

44
Q

Characteristics of a riverine wetland

A

Contain flowing water

45
Q

Characteristics of palustrine wetlands

A

Non tidal, dominated by trees, shrubs, mosses or lichens

LARE SECTION 2 (11 decks)

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