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BIO 220 [Exam #3] > Soilborne Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Soilborne Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Describe this Airborne Disease: Tetanus

(Causative Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures)

A

AKA/Causative Agent/Characteristc

  • AKA: x
  • CA: Clostridium tetani
  • Characteristic: Gram-positive, bacilli; endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe, mostly found in deep layers of soil

Virulence Factors

  • Potent, Tetanospasmin neurotoxin
    -> Low LD50

Tissue/Organ Affected

  • CNS

Reservoir

  • x

Mode of Transmission

  • Soilborne
    -> Spores in soil = get introduced into deep muscle layer

Predisposing Factors

  • Fomites
    -> Direct contact with nail/sharp object

Incubation Period

  • x

SXS
Toxemia (Sys Inf):

  • Muscle Spasms
    -> Spores germinate and produce neurotoxin in anaerobic conditions (deep muscle) -> target CNS -> block relaxation muscle pathway
  • Head, neck, back muscles stiffness/ spasm
  • Respiratory muscle spams = death

Diagnosis

  • Bases on SXS

Treatment

  • ABX
  • Antitoxin
    -> Tetanus Immune globulin (TIG)
  • Sedation drugs
    -> control muscle spasms

Preventative Measures

  • Vaccine:
    -> DTaP
    -> TDap
    -> TD (toxoid)

MISC

  • x
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2
Q

Describe this Airborne Disease: Gas Gangrene

(AKA/Causative Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Misc)

A

AKA/Causative Agent/Characteristic

  • AKA: Clostridial Myonecrosis
  • CA: Clostridium perfingens
  • Characteristic: Gram-positive, bacilli; endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe, grow in deep tissue wound

Virulence Factors

  • α toxin
    -> Moves along tissue/muscle bundles
    -> Soilborne spores = enter ischemic area of body (anaerobic area) = germinate = produce α toxin = vascular/tissue damage

Tissue/Organ Affected

  • x

Reservoir

  • x

Mode of Transmission

  • x

Predisposing Factors

  • Ischemia (that has not been reversed)

Incubation Period

  • x

SXS

  • Severe pain/swelling
    -> pale area -> red -> blackish green
  • Gas and fluid-filled blisters

Diagnosis

  • Bases on SXS
  • Imaging tests
  • Culture

Treatment

  • HIGH DOSAGE ABX
  • Debridement (amputation) or necrotic/dead tissue
  • Hyperbaric chamber (deliver O2)

Preventative Measures

  • x

MISC

  • Progresses quickkly (initial injury -> gas gangrene) = HIGH MORTALITY (20-25%)
  • Common cause of death in wars
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3
Q

In relation to Gas Gangrene, define Ischemia and Necrosis, and Gangrene.

Note any additional information about Gangrene.

A
  • Ischemia (reversible): BV blockage = BF stops = No blood/O2 to tissue
  • Necrosis (irreversible): Death of tissue
    -> Gangrene: Death of tissue because of interrupted blood supply
    -» Several types of Gangrene: Dry, Wet, Gas Gangrene
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4
Q

Describe this Airborne Disease: Histoplasmosis

(Causative Agent, Virulence Factors, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc)

A

AKA/Causative Agent/Characteristic

  • AKA: x
  • CA: Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Characteristic: x

Virulence Factors

  • Dimorphic Fungus
    -> “Di-“ = Yeast, Mold
  • Fungal mold spores (soil)
  • Yeast-form grows in macrophages (humans)

Tissue/Organ Affected

  • x

Reservoir

  • 1) Bird/bat dropping (mold)
  • 2) Soil

Mode of Transmission

  • Acquired by inhalation of fungal mold spores; Airborne conidia

Predisposing Factors

  • Bird/chicken handlers
  • Caves
  • Common in Mississippi/Ohio River Valleys

Incubation Period

  • x

SXS
Fungemia (Sys Inf)/ Mostly Asymptomatic:

  • Lung Lesions (Similar to TB)
  • Mild/subclinical flu-like SXS (resembles TB)

Diagnosis

  • Culture lung tissue/sputum sample
  • Chest X-Ray

Treatment

  • Antifungals/Antimycotic drugs

Preventative Measures

  • NO VACCINE

MISC

  • Rarely becomes severe disease
  • Differentiate (from TB) through tuberculin skin test and acid-fast staining
    -> if negative = Histoplasma
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5
Q

Describe this Airborne Disease: Coccidioidomycosis

(AKA/Causative Agent, Virulence Factors, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures)

A

AKA/Causative Agent/Characteristic

  • AKA: Valley Fever/ San Joaquin Fever
  • CA: Coccidioides immitis
  • Characteristic: x

Virulence Factors

  • Dimorphic Fungus
    -> “Di-“ = Yeast, Mold
  • Fungal mold spores (soil)
  • Complex lifestyle

Tissue/Organ Affected

  • x

Reservoir

  • x

Mode of Transmission

  • Acquired by inhalation of fungal spores, airborne arthroconidia = spherules in tissue = rel. endospores

Predisposing Factors

  • (Found in) Desert soils of American Southwest

Incubation Period

  • x

SXS
Fungemia (Sys Inf)/ Mostly Asymptomatic:

  • Mild/subclinical flu-like SXS (resembles TB)

Diagnosis

  • Culture lung tissue/sputum sample
  • Chest X-Ray

Treatment

  • Antifungals/Antimycotic drugs

Preventative Measures

  • NO VACCINE

MISC

  • x
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6
Q

Describe this Airborne Disease: Hookworm Infection

(Causative Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc)

A

AKA/Causative Agent/Characteristic

  • AKA: x
  • CA: Necator americanus, Ancyclostoma duodenale
  • Characteristic: K. Animalia Phylum Nematoda = Roundworm, Hooked-shaped body, separate sexes specialized mouthparts

Virulence Factors

  • Complex lifestyle
    -> Adult attaches to intestinal wall = feeds on blood & tissue
    -> Adults -> eggs -> larvae

Tissue/Organ Affected

  • x

Reservoir

  • x

Mode of Transmission

  • Soilborne (larvae in soil)
    -> Larvae in contaminated soil penetrate bare skin

Predisposing Factors

  • Barefoot

Incubation Period

  • x

SXS
Large # of Worms:

  • Anemia
  • Fatigue

Diagnosis

  • Look for eggs in stool sample

Treatment

  • Antiparasitic/Antihelminth drugs

Preventative Measures

  • Wear shoes

MISC

  • Infectious stage = penetrating larvae
  • Humans poop eggs into soil = become larvae in soil = larvae (in soil) penetrate skin
    -> Larvae in hookworm: exists in soil and human
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7
Q

Describe this Airborne Disease: Ascariasis

(Causative Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc)

A

AKA/Causative Agent/Characteristic

  • AKA: x
  • CA: Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Characteristic: K. Animalia Phylum Nematoda = Roundworm, LARGEST roundworm, separate sexes, specialized mouthparts

Virulence Factors

  • Complex lifestyle
    -> Adult attaches to intestinal wall = feeds on blood & tissue
    -> Adults -> eggs -> larvae

Tissue/Organ Affected

  • x

Reservoir

  • x

Mode of Transmission

  • Eggs in contaminated soil are ingested

Predisposing Factors

  • Poverty
  • Unsanitary conditions

Incubation Period

  • x

SXS
Mostly asymptomatic/Large # of Worms:

  • Intestinal blockage
  • Impairs growth in children

Diagnosis

  • Look for eggs in stool sample

Treatment

  • Antiparasitic/Antihelminth drugs

Preventative Measures

  • Do not ingest soil
  • Wash hands

MISC

  • Infectious stage = ingesting eggs
  • Humans poop eggs into soil = human accidentally eats soil (containing eggs) = eggs become larvae in humans
    -> Larvae in ascariasis: exist in human
  • Large % (30%) worldwide population is infected
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BIO 220 [Exam #3] (8 decks)

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