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Genetics Tuskegee > Soil Science Final > Flashcards

Soil Science Final Flashcards

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1
Q

True or Flase: Most of the organic matter in soils are found in the B horizon

A

False

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2
Q

True or False: Soil is considered “consolidated” material

A

False

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3
Q

True or False: Fast cooling will result in coarse texture

A

False

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4
Q

True or False: According to Bowen, isolated silicate minerals like olivines crystallize at very high temperatures

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: Metamorphic rocks formed with significan differential stress will have foliation

A

True

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6
Q

True or False: The binding effectivness of microbial gums is lesser than that of clay and organic matter

A

False

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7
Q

True or False: Puddling is an example of massive structureless soil

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: On the average, a loam would have a higher total porosity than a loamy sand

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: Addition of organic matter to soil will help increase bulk density

A

False

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10
Q

True or False: Soil texture is a dynamic property that is rather easy to change, whereas soil structure is a static soil property which changes very little

A

False

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11
Q

True or False: The class of structure refers to the shape of the peds

A

False

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12
Q

True or False: Soils formed under coniferous forest will be more acid in the A horizon compared to those formed under deciduous forest because their leaves contain less Mg

A

True

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13
Q

True or False: As one moves way from the equator soils develop more reddish hues

A

False

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14
Q

True or False: Compaction of soil has no effect on porosity

A

False

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15
Q

True or False: Under actual field conditions soil moisture content determines more than any other factor the energy required to raise the temperature of soils

A

True

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16
Q

True or False: Water in saturated soils is under positive pressure

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: Soil Taxonomy has 6 categories, the most specific of the categories is series

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: At the hygroscopic coefficient most of the microspores are filled with water

A

False

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19
Q

True or False: The soil ability to hold water is inversely proportional to the size of its pores

A

True

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20
Q

True or False: Gravitational water is held in macrospores

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: When water is attracted either by soil or ions and solutes, the free energy is increased

A

False

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22
Q

The most common product of chemical weathering of feldspar is

A

clay minerals

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23
Q

Sediments with diameter greater than 2mm will be classified as

A

Gravel

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24
Q

A vertical cross section of a soil showing contrasting layers is called a soil

A

profile

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25
Q

Regional metamorphism of shale by compressive stress would produce which of the following sequences as temperature rises

A

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

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26
Q

The Mohs sclae measures the ____________ of a mineral

A

Hardness

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27
Q

Which of the following fine grained igneous rocks have the lowest quartz content

A

basalt

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28
Q

The parent rock for marble is

A

limestone

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29
Q

The parent rock for quartzite is

A

quartz and sandstone

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30
Q

The subsoil is generally equivalent to which horizon

A

B

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31
Q

Pedology is the schience is

A

considered the soil as a natural bod and places minor emphasis on its use

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32
Q

Soil as a medium of plant growth is a/an

A

Edaphological

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33
Q

Pyroxenes belongs to the

A

single chain

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34
Q

Apatite is a non-silicate mineral of great agricultural importance because it is a principal source of the essential element

A

P

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35
Q

This carbonate mineral contains calcium and magnesium

A

dolomite

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36
Q

Framework silicates include

A

quartz and fieldspars

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37
Q

Hematite is a secondary mineral with this element

A

Iron

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38
Q

Which one of the following are evaporites?

A

Halite, Gypsum, Sylvite

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39
Q

This equation KAlSi3O3 + H2O —-> HAlSi3O3 + KOH is

A

hydrolysis usually occurring in a humid climate

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40
Q

A pedon may range from

A

1 to 10m^2

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41
Q

The most common elements in the earth’s crust, in order of decreasing abundance are

A

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum

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42
Q

Rocks that have undergone heat and pressure changes are classified as

A

metamorphic

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43
Q

The color of a powdered mineral is called

A

streak

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44
Q

Soil is a dynamic ____________ having properties due to the actions of climate and biotic activity, as modified by topography, acting on parent material over time

A

unconsolidated material

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45
Q

A common sulfate mineral is

A

gypsum

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46
Q

Only _________ elements account for 98.5% of the earth’s crust by weight

A

eight

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47
Q

Sheet silicates include

A

micas and clays

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48
Q

The dominant elements in ferromagnesian silicates are

A

iron and magnesium

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49
Q

Chemical weathering in a cool and dry setting is

A

slow

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50
Q

The most common elements in the earth’s rust, in order of decreasing abundance are

A

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum

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51
Q

A secondary eqivalent of quartz is

A

chert

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52
Q

Olivine is a _______________ silicate mineral

A

isolated

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53
Q

Which two of the following are detrital or clastic sedimentary rock?

A

breccia and sandstone

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54
Q

A sandstone with varying amounts of feldspars and quartz is called

A

arkose

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55
Q

A common carbonate mineral is

A

calcite

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56
Q

______________ is common sedimentary rock with rounded gravel sized particles

A

conglomerate

57
Q

The biochemically weathered protion of the upper regolith is the

A

solum or soil

58
Q

A reasonable value for the volume of organic matter in a soil is about

A

5%

59
Q

Basalt and Gabbro are different in

A

texture

60
Q

The unconsolidated material above the bedrock is known as the

A

regolith

61
Q

What type of equation is this: 2Fe2O3 + 3H2O —–> 2Fe2O3*3H2O

A

Hydration

62
Q

What type of equation is this: 4FeO + O2 —–> 2FeO3

A

oxidation

63
Q

In humid soils which of the following statements would adequately describe the general soil structure patterns occurring in a soil profile?

A

a granular aggregation in the surface horizon with a blocky type of structure in the subsoil

64
Q

A soi separate is defined by

A

its size

65
Q

Which has the least specific surface

A

sand

66
Q

The range in bulk density for mineral soil is about _________ gm/cm^3

A
67
Q

Other factors being equal, we expect to find

A

More total organic in a grass derived soil than in a soil developed under forest vegetation

68
Q

If 400cm^3 of a soil weighs 500g, the bulk density is

A

1.25 Mg/m^3

69
Q

A soil weighing 90g had a total volume of 50 cm^3. Assuming that the particle density of typical mineral soil of 2.65 g/cm^3, the % pore space of this soil will be

A

32%

70
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the physical condition of the soil in its reaction to plant growth?

A

tilth

71
Q

Which type of structure will typically be found in surface (A Horizon) soils in Arizona?

A

granular

72
Q

Commonly soil tillage is for the purpose of

A

1) controlling weeds
2) managing crop residue
3) altering the soil’s physical qualities

73
Q

In making a particle size analysis, the 40 second reading was 20g and the two hour reading was 15g. If a 50 gram sample was used, the silt content is

A

10%

74
Q

The ability of soil to resist crushing is known as

A

consistence

75
Q

Minimum tillage is a type of tillage which

A

considerably reduces the number of soil manipulation operations

76
Q

The bulk density of a soil generally __________ with depth

A

increases

77
Q

On the average, the bulk density of soils

A

varies inversely with porosity

78
Q

The hydrometer used in the particle size analysis (mechanical analysis) directly measures the

A

grams of silt and clay

79
Q

Soil structure refers to the

A

arrangement of primary soil particles to form aggregates

80
Q

Sand particles in the USDA system range in size from

A

0.05 - 2mm

81
Q

Different soils formed from the same parent material but at different topography are known as

A

Catena

82
Q

Old soils will be mostly probably classified as

A

ultisols

83
Q

A soil has a bulk density of 1.69 gm/cm^3 and a particle density of 2.6 gm/cm^3. Its oven dry weight is 80 gm. The porosity of the soil is _______% by the volume

A

35

84
Q

Loess is a glacial deposit that has been moved into place by

A

wind

85
Q

A moraine is associated with

A

glaciers

86
Q

The two climatic variables have the greatest influence on soil formation are

A

precipitation and temperature

87
Q

The geological agent responsible for deposition alluvial parent materials is

A

flowing water

88
Q

A soil texture is reported as a clay loam soil. Therefore it

A

forms a strong ribbon between 2.5 and 5cm

89
Q

Illuviation is an example of

A

translocation

90
Q

A group of mineral soil paticles with a definite upper and lower size limit defines

A

a soil separate

91
Q

A soil is said to have a minsell color chart of 7.5 YR 2/6. The 6 represents the

A

chroma

92
Q

Soil colors of grey and blue indicates

A

poor internal drainage

93
Q

The dominant wavelength of light reflected determines the color

A

hue

94
Q

How many possible textural class names are there

A

12

95
Q

When one knows that a given soil horizon has a loam texture, one knows for sure that the horizon

A

contains less than 50% clay

96
Q

If a soil has 22% sand, 5% organic matter and 60% silt, the clay content of this soil would be given as

A

18%

97
Q

Material that has been eroded down hill not in a channel and accumulated at the base of a slope is classified as the following kind of transported material

A

colluvial

98
Q

It is important for all land managers to know something about rocks and minerals because

A

In the field some soil properties such as texture, clay type and pH are influenced by the parent rock

99
Q

Surface soils are usually ________ than subsoils

A

darker in color

100
Q

When a 100 gram soil sample is used to make a particle size analysis and 40 second reading is 10 g/L, this means that

A

the percentage of sand is 90

101
Q

The five factors of soil formation are

A

climate, biotic factors, time, parent materials, and topography

102
Q

Leaching is an example of

A

losses

103
Q

Humification is an example of

A

transformation

104
Q

Water molecules

A

have an assymetrical charge distributuon

105
Q

Soil stored plant available water is

A

part of the water in micropores

106
Q

The forces active in causing cappilary rise of water are

A

adhesion and cohesion

107
Q

The attraction of water molecules to soil is reffered to as

A

adhesion

108
Q

The exchange of gases by diffusion betwee the atmosphere and the soil air is due to differences in

A

partial pressure of individual gases in soil air and atmosphere

109
Q

In unsaturated soil the soil moisture potential will most likely be

A

negative

110
Q

The following are laboratory methods used for determining soil water

A

pressure plates, gravimetric methods and pressure membranes

111
Q

The major component of the total soil water potential in unsaturated soil is the ________ potential

A

matric

112
Q

The major component of soil water in wetland soils is the ______________ potential

A

gravitational

113
Q

Much oxygen from the soil air is used in

A

respiration

114
Q

Adding salt to a soil solution increases its

A

osmotic potential

115
Q

The major basis for classification of soil by the comprehensive soil classification system is

A

properties of horizons present

116
Q

The concentration of CO2 in the soil atmosphere is _______ than CO2 concentration in air

A

greater

117
Q

Of the soil properties listed, the one having the greatest effect on soil aeration is

A

texture

118
Q

A well aerated soil will be characterized by a relative abundance of _______________

A

Fe^3+, NO3-, SO4^2-

119
Q

______________________ is the process by which individual gases move in response to differences in partial pressure of the gas

A

diffusion

120
Q

Which of the following is not a major factor in determining the soil aeration status?

A

nitrogen gas

121
Q

The specific heat of a dry soil is

A

aout 1/5 as that for water

122
Q

Soil CO2 increases when

A

organic matter additions increases

123
Q

The soils of the order vertisols are distinguished from other orders by

A

swelling clay content

124
Q

The soil moisture regime of an aquoll is

A

aquic

125
Q

The mechanism of gas exchange in soils that prevents oxygen deficiency and carbon dioxide toxicity is

A

soil aeration

126
Q

Which of the following crops will be is not well suited for well aerated soils

A

cranberries

127
Q

A soil which has an aridic moisture regime and an ochric or anthropic epipedon may most probably be classified as an

A

aridisol

128
Q

About _________ of radiant energy is used for photosynthesis

A

3%

129
Q

Plant roots require a supply of oxygen in the soil air carry out

A

respiration

130
Q

The exchange of gases by diffusion between the atmosphere and the soil air is due to differences in

A

partial pressure of individual gasses in soil air and atmosphere

131
Q

___________ bacterial will be the dominant bacteria in soils with temoeratures between 0 and 5C

A

Cryophyllic

132
Q

Soil temperature is important because it helps

A

seed germination and microbial metabolism

133
Q

Soils that have agillic or kandic horizons and base saturation of greater than 35% will be classified as

A

alfisols

134
Q

A Bt horizon will be probably closest to the ___________ subsurface horizon

A

argillic

135
Q

Under poorly-drained soils __________________ will constitute the major microbial population

A

anaerobes

136
Q

The order nae of miami series, typic hapludalf (fine loamy, mesic, mixed) is

A

alfisol

137
Q

Subsoil horizons containing an accumulation of humus, iron and aluminum are called

A

spodic

138
Q

An epipedon that thick, dark colored, high in bases, has a strong structure will be classified as

A

mollic

139
Q

Typic hapludalf is a soil _________________ name

A

subgroup

Genetics Tuskegee (8 decks)

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