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Genetics Tuskegee > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name of the scientist who first identified DNA?

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

What is the basic sequence of a core promoter of a gene in all living cells

A

TATATATA

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3
Q

The nature of the codon was first determined by this scientist

A

Heinrich Matthaei

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4
Q

What scientist was the first to observe the division of cells?

A

Walter Flemming

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5
Q

What are the names of the scientists that were involved in the discovery of restriction enzymes?

A

Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans

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6
Q

What RNA codon encodes the amino acid tryptophan?

A

UGG

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7
Q

What are the major characteristics of model organisms used in genetic studies?

A

1) They have relatively short lifespans
2) They bear characteristics seen in many organisms
3) They are easy to manipulate

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8
Q

The pangenesis theory of hereditary states that

A

traits formed in body cells are collected in reproductive organs

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9
Q

Who was the author of the Treatise on the seed?

A

Hippocrates

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10
Q

What are the tenets of Darwin’s theory of evolution except

A

1) All species share a common ancestor
2) Natural selection is a mechanism for evolutionary change
3) Existing species arose from ancestral species

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11
Q

A theorist who proposed the blending theory of inheritance

A

Joseph Kolreuter

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12
Q

What theory of heredity states that organisms are derived from substances in the egg?

A

Epigenesis

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13
Q

What bases are pyrimidines?

A

Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine

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14
Q

What scientist was among the first to reveal the nature of the codon?

A

Marshall Nirenberg

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15
Q

What facts are true about the 5’ untranslatable region of the gene?

A

1) Has a recognition site for ribosome binding
2) Carries a site for addition of a 5’ cap
3) Protects mRNA from degradation

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16
Q

What sequence represents a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Hind III?

A

AAGCTT

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17
Q

Which researchers are credited with the discovery of restrictions?

A

Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, Daniel Nathans

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of model organisms used for biological studies?

A

1) They are easily manipulated
2) They have a relatively short lifespan
3) They produce numerous offspring

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19
Q

Zebra fish (D. rerio) is a model organism that can be used to study this human disorder?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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20
Q

Moles are small animals that typically live in underground tunnels all over the world. When above ground they can be preyed upon by birds such as owls. A geneticist compared woodland and grassland moles to determine which group was more susceptible to predation.

Which level of biological organization is used in the geneticist’s study?

A

Populational

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21
Q

Moles protect themselves from predation by releasing a strong musk that acts as a deterrent to most predators. Since owls do not have a sense of smell, the geneticist examined the eyesight and flight speed of birds that were most successful at catching moles. He discovered that the most successful mole-hunting owls were all genetically related to each other.

The study conducted by the geneticist would best be categorized within the genetic field

A

Transmission genetics

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22
Q

Deletions and duplications in the DNA are most likely to produce this type of mutation

A

Frameshift mutation

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23
Q

Genetic variation in a population can be produced by

A

Point mutation, Chromosome duplication, Chromosome deletion

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24
Q

What contributes to natural selection

A

1) Competition among members of a species for essential resources
2) Generation of beneficial alleles
3) Inheritance of beneficial alleles

25
Q

The theory of natural selection was proposed by

A

Alfred Wallace

26
Q

Morphs are

A

Contrasting forms of the same species

27
Q

Favism is a condition that develops in human patients who cannot produce the enzyme Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). If these patients consume fava beans they are unable to digest them. Instead, they develop acute hemolytic anemia.

What best describes favism?

A

Multifactorial physiological trait

28
Q

Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by a lack of pigment melanin in some cells giving the skin a patchwork appearance.

To understand the genetic defect causing vitiligo, the scientist compared the melanin gene sequence of normal and vitiligo patients. This analysis would specifically fall under this field of study.

A

Genomics

29
Q

A model organism used in the study of diabeles

A

C. elegans

30
Q

Phenylketonuria is an example of

A

Multifactorial physiological trait

31
Q

In addition to Charles Darwin, a theorist who independently developed the theory of natural selection

A

Alref Wallace

32
Q

What are the postulates that support Hippocrates’ theory of heredity?

A

1) Hereditary traits are passed from body cells in semen
2) All cells contribute to hereditary traits
3) Hereditary traits are collected in the reproductive organs

33
Q

Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by a lack of pigment melanin in some cells giving the skin a patchwork appearance.

A scientist studying the inheritance of vitiligo in a small middle-eastern village discovered that there was a genetic relationship between all affected individuals. The scientist’s study would fall under this level of biological organization.

A
34
Q

Although the idea was presented by an earlier theorist the term “epigenesis” was first coined by this theorist

A

Casper Wolff

35
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan is a geneticist who is well known for his work on

A

Theory of sex-linked inheritance

36
Q

What group of organisms consists of prokaryotic cells

A

Archaea

37
Q

When DNA appears as a thin, thread-like structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell it is called

A

Chromatin

38
Q

What are the common features of living cells

A

Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, and DNA

39
Q

A type of division that can result in the generation of multinucleated cells

A

karyokinesis

40
Q

A diploid cell has 32 chromosomes in G1 of the cell cycle. If this cell undergoes meiosis, how many chromatids can you expect to see in a daughter cell in metaphase II?

A

32

41
Q

To become quiescent or senescent a cell will exit the cell cycle at this stage

A

G0

42
Q

What is true about centrioles in eukaryotic cells?

A

1) It generates spindle fibers
2) It is duplicated in the S phase of the cell cycle
3) It is similar to the basal bodies of cilia and flagella

43
Q

Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers during prophase by a protein called

A

Kinetochore

44
Q

What is true about centrioles?

A

1) Structures from which microtubules emerge
2) They are found within an amorphous region called the centrosome
3) Belong to the same functional class as the basal bodies of cilia and flagella

45
Q

What is also called the reductional division?

A

Meiosis I

46
Q

A geneticist studying gametogenesis in mammals isolated 148 primary oocytes from mice. How many ootids can the geneticist expect to be generated from these primary oocytes

A

148

47
Q

Cells undergoing oogenesis in human females are arrested at this stage of prophase I

A

Diplotene

48
Q

An African American botanist who was among the first to experimentally demonstrate the crossing over of genes on the chromosome

A

Harriet Creighton

49
Q

Which of the following cell cycle checkpoints is also called the morphogenesis checkpoint?

A

G2/M

50
Q

A cyclin-CDK combination that allows the cell to move past the spindle checkpoint

A

Cyclin B-CDK1

51
Q

Name the scientist who postulated that cultured cells were immortal

A

Alexis Carrel

52
Q

Replicative senescence refers to

A

The upper limit for cells to divide

53
Q

What are the characteristics of senescent fibroblasts

A

Empty cytoplasmic vacuoles, Flattened cells, and Expression of beta-galactosidase

54
Q

Name the scientist who first identified the telomere

A

Hermann Muller

55
Q

What is the hTERC sequence?

A

CCCAAU

56
Q

What is true about apoptosis?

A

1) Prevents cancer
2) Eliminates cells not contributing to the final organism
3) Cell death due to unrepairable DNA damage

57
Q

What protein complex is most likely to be in high concentration in an apoptotic cell

A

Bax-Bax

58
Q

What is the most likely activity seen if p53 is bound by the protein MDM

A

Rapid degradation of p53

Genetics Tuskegee (8 decks)

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