Midterm Exam

Question 1

Name of the scientist who first identified DNA?

Answer 1

Friedrich Miescher

Question 2

What is the basic sequence of a core promoter of a gene in all living cells

Answer 2

TATATATA

Question 3

The nature of the codon was first determined by this scientist

Answer 3

Heinrich Matthaei

Question 4

What scientist was the first to observe the division of cells?

Answer 4

Walter Flemming

Question 5

What are the names of the scientists that were involved in the discovery of restriction enzymes?

Answer 5

Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans

Question 6

What RNA codon encodes the amino acid tryptophan?

Answer 6

UGG

Question 7

What are the major characteristics of model organisms used in genetic studies?

Answer 7

1) They have relatively short lifespans
2) They bear characteristics seen in many organisms
3) They are easy to manipulate

Question 8

The pangenesis theory of hereditary states that

Answer 8

traits formed in body cells are collected in reproductive organs

Question 9

Who was the author of the Treatise on the seed?

Answer 9

Hippocrates

Question 10

What are the tenets of Darwin’s theory of evolution except

Answer 10

1) All species share a common ancestor
2) Natural selection is a mechanism for evolutionary change
3) Existing species arose from ancestral species

Question 11

A theorist who proposed the blending theory of inheritance

Answer 11

Joseph Kolreuter

Question 12

What theory of heredity states that organisms are derived from substances in the egg?

Answer 12

Epigenesis

Question 13

What bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 13

Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine

Question 14

What scientist was among the first to reveal the nature of the codon?

Answer 14

Marshall Nirenberg

Question 15

What facts are true about the 5’ untranslatable region of the gene?

Answer 15

1) Has a recognition site for ribosome binding
2) Carries a site for addition of a 5’ cap
3) Protects mRNA from degradation

Question 16

What sequence represents a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Hind III?

Answer 16

AAGCTT

Question 17

Which researchers are credited with the discovery of restrictions?

Answer 17

Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, Daniel Nathans

Question 18

What are the characteristics of model organisms used for biological studies?

Answer 18

1) They are easily manipulated
2) They have a relatively short lifespan
3) They produce numerous offspring

Question 19

Zebra fish (D. rerio) is a model organism that can be used to study this human disorder?

Answer 19

Cardiovascular disease

Question 20

Moles are small animals that typically live in underground tunnels all over the world. When above ground they can be preyed upon by birds such as owls. A geneticist compared woodland and grassland moles to determine which group was more susceptible to predation.

Which level of biological organization is used in the geneticist’s study?

Answer 20

Populational

Question 21

Moles protect themselves from predation by releasing a strong musk that acts as a deterrent to most predators. Since owls do not have a sense of smell, the geneticist examined the eyesight and flight speed of birds that were most successful at catching moles. He discovered that the most successful mole-hunting owls were all genetically related to each other.

The study conducted by the geneticist would best be categorized within the genetic field

Answer 21

Transmission genetics

Question 22

Deletions and duplications in the DNA are most likely to produce this type of mutation

Answer 22

Frameshift mutation

Question 23

Genetic variation in a population can be produced by

Answer 23

Point mutation, Chromosome duplication, Chromosome deletion

Question 24

What contributes to natural selection

Answer 24

1) Competition among members of a species for essential resources
2) Generation of beneficial alleles
3) Inheritance of beneficial alleles

Question 25

The theory of natural selection was proposed by

Answer 25

Alfred Wallace

Question 26

Morphs are

Answer 26

Contrasting forms of the same species

Question 27

Favism is a condition that develops in human patients who cannot produce the enzyme Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). If these patients consume fava beans they are unable to digest them. Instead, they develop acute hemolytic anemia. What best describes favism?

Answer 27

Multifactorial physiological trait

Question 28

Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by a lack of pigment melanin in some cells giving the skin a patchwork appearance. To understand the genetic defect causing vitiligo, the scientist compared the melanin gene sequence of normal and vitiligo patients. This analysis would specifically fall under this field of study.

Answer 28

Genomics

Question 29

A model organism used in the study of diabeles

Answer 29

C. elegans

Question 30

Phenylketonuria is an example of

Answer 30

Multifactorial physiological trait

Question 31

In addition to Charles Darwin, a theorist who independently developed the theory of natural selection

Answer 31

Alref Wallace

Question 32

What are the postulates that support Hippocrates' theory of heredity?

Answer 32

1) Hereditary traits are passed from body cells in semen 2) All cells contribute to hereditary traits 3) Hereditary traits are collected in the reproductive organs

Question 33

Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by a lack of pigment melanin in some cells giving the skin a patchwork appearance. A scientist studying the inheritance of vitiligo in a small middle-eastern village discovered that there was a genetic relationship between all affected individuals. The scientist's study would fall under this level of biological organization.

Question 34

Although the idea was presented by an earlier theorist the term "epigenesis" was first coined by this theorist

Answer 34

Casper Wolff

Question 35

Thomas Hunt Morgan is a geneticist who is well known for his work on

Answer 35

Theory of sex-linked inheritance

Question 36

What group of organisms consists of prokaryotic cells

Answer 36

Archaea

Question 37

When DNA appears as a thin, thread-like structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell it is called

Answer 37

Chromatin

Question 38

What are the common features of living cells

Answer 38

Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, and DNA

Question 39

A type of division that can result in the generation of multinucleated cells

Answer 39

karyokinesis

Question 40

A diploid cell has 32 chromosomes in G1 of the cell cycle. If this cell undergoes meiosis, how many chromatids can you expect to see in a daughter cell in metaphase II?

Answer 40

32

Question 41

To become quiescent or senescent a cell will exit the cell cycle at this stage

Answer 41

G0

Question 42

What is true about centrioles in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 42

1) It generates spindle fibers 2) It is duplicated in the S phase of the cell cycle 3) It is similar to the basal bodies of cilia and flagella

Question 43

Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers during prophase by a protein called

Answer 43

Kinetochore

Question 44

What is true about centrioles?

Answer 44

1) Structures from which microtubules emerge 2) They are found within an amorphous region called the centrosome 3) Belong to the same functional class as the basal bodies of cilia and flagella

Question 45

What is also called the reductional division?

Answer 45

Meiosis I

Question 46

A geneticist studying gametogenesis in mammals isolated 148 primary oocytes from mice. How many ootids can the geneticist expect to be generated from these primary oocytes

Answer 46

148

Question 47

Cells undergoing oogenesis in human females are arrested at this stage of prophase I

Answer 47

Diplotene

Question 48

An African American botanist who was among the first to experimentally demonstrate the crossing over of genes on the chromosome

Answer 48

Harriet Creighton

Question 49

Which of the following cell cycle checkpoints is also called the morphogenesis checkpoint?

Answer 49

G2/M

Question 50

A cyclin-CDK combination that allows the cell to move past the spindle checkpoint

Answer 50

Cyclin B-CDK1

Question 51

Name the scientist who postulated that cultured cells were immortal

Answer 51

Alexis Carrel

Question 52

Replicative senescence refers to

Answer 52

The upper limit for cells to divide

Question 53

What are the characteristics of senescent fibroblasts

Answer 53

Empty cytoplasmic vacuoles, Flattened cells, and Expression of beta-galactosidase

Question 54

Name the scientist who first identified the telomere

Answer 54

Hermann Muller

Question 55

What is the hTERC sequence?

Answer 55

CCCAAU

Question 56

What is true about apoptosis?

Answer 56

1) Prevents cancer 2) Eliminates cells not contributing to the final organism 3) Cell death due to unrepairable DNA damage

Question 57

What protein complex is most likely to be in high concentration in an apoptotic cell

Answer 57

Bax-Bax

Question 58

What is the most likely activity seen if p53 is bound by the protein MDM

Answer 58

Rapid degradation of p53