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Genetics Tuskegee > Extra Studying > Flashcards

Extra Studying Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the model organism for colon cancer and other cancers?

A

E. coli

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2
Q

What is the model organism for cancer, and werner syndrome

A

S. cerevisiae

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3
Q

What is the model organism for disorders of the nervous system and cancer

A

D. melanogaster

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4
Q

What is the model organism for cardiovascular disease?

A

D. rerio

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5
Q

What is the model organism for Lesch-Nyhan disease, cystic fibrosis, fragile-X syndrome, and many other diseases?

A

M. musculus

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6
Q

Who:
- Created the Treatise on the seed
- Created the Pangenesis theory

A

Hippocrates

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7
Q

Who:
- Came up with the idea of “vital heat”

A

Aristotle

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8
Q

Who:
- Was the first to study genetic crosses in plants
- Provided evidence for blending theory of inheritance

A

Joseph Kolreuter

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9
Q

Who:
- Came up with the law of segregation
- Came up with the law of Independent Assortment

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

Who:
- Created the pangenesis theory
- Wrote the origin of the species
- Came up with the theory of evolution
- Came up with descent with modification
-Discovered Natural Selection

A

Charles Darwin

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11
Q

Who:
- Came up with Homunculus

A

Paraculsus

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12
Q

Who:
- Came up with the Ex ovo omnia principle

A

William Harvey

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13
Q

Who:
- Came up with epigenesis

A

Casper Wolff

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14
Q

Who:
- Studied the theory of Natural selection separate from Darwin

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

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15
Q

Who:
- Verifies Mendel’s work

A

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschemak

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16
Q

Who:
- Responsible for the cell theory

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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17
Q

Who:
- Discovered sex chromosomes

A

Nettie Stevens and Edmund Wilson

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18
Q

Who:
- Responsible for the theory of sex-linked inheritance

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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19
Q

Who:
- Discovered the nature of the codon

A

Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei

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20
Q

Who:
- Identified DNA and nucleic acid

A

Friedrich Miecher

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21
Q

Who:
- Identified proteins

A

Jons Jacob Berzelius

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22
Q

Who:
- Created the Chargaff Rule

A

Erwin Chargaff

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23
Q

Who:
- Created the triplet code

A

Crick, Brenner, Barnett, and Watts-Tobin

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24
Q

Who:
- Was the first to observe cell division
- Discovered chromatin

A

Walter Flemming

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25
Q

Who:
- Came up withe the word “chromosome”
- Saw chromosomal division
- Observed off behavior in firebug chromatin

A

Hermann Henking

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26
Q

Who:
- Created the chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton

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27
Q

Who:
- Developed culture techniques

A

Ross Granville Harrison

28
Q

Who:
- Was responsible for the immortal chicken heart culture

A

Alexis Carrel

29
Q

Who:
- Created the Hayflick limit

A

Leonard Hayflick

30
Q

Who:
- First identified telomeres

A

Hermann Muller

31
Q

Who:
- Identified telomere DNA sequence
-GGGTTA

A

Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak

32
Q

Who:
- Discovered telomerase

A

Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn

33
Q

Traits that affect the appearance of the organism

A

Morphological traits

34
Q

Traits that affect the function of the organism

A

Physiological traits

35
Q

Traits whose expression is controlled by a single gene

A

Simple Mendelian Trait

36
Q

Traits whose expression is influenced by the expression of multiple genes and/or environment

A

Multifactorial trait

37
Q

Type of genetics that describes the movement of traits from parent to offspring

A

Transmission genetics

38
Q

Type of genetics where changes in gene function that result from mutation

A

Molecular genetics

39
Q

Type of genetics where genetic variation is shown in the evolution

A

Population genetics

40
Q

Who:
- Coined the word gene
- Made the distinction between phenotype and genotype

A

Wilhelm Johannsen

41
Q

Who:
- Spectacle maker
- Made the earliest microscope

A

Zacharias Janssen

42
Q

What are crosses made in both ways called?

A

Reciprocal crosses

43
Q

Mendel’s three postulates are

A

1) Unit factors exist in pairs
2) Dominance/Recessiveness
3) Segregation

44
Q

Purpose of in vitro cell culture

A

1) To study morphology, growth, and behavior of cells outside the body
2) To investigate cell toxicity in different environments

45
Q

The Hayflick limit is also called

A

replicative senescence

46
Q

What is the hayflick limit for human cells?

A

50

47
Q

What are the three stages of cultured cells?

A

Phase 1) Primary culture, when cells multiply to cover the surface of the culture flask
Phase 2) Cells are removed from one culture and transferred to another to grow and divide
Phase 3) Cells stop dividing, but they may or may not die

48
Q

what is the requirement for DNA replication?

A

Free 3’ OH group

49
Q

What are telomeres?

A

End caps that protect the chromosome

50
Q

What are the components of telomerase?

A

Dyskerin, hTERT, hTERC

51
Q

What is Dyskerin do?

A

It stabilizes telomerase complex

52
Q

What is hTERT?

A

It is telomerase reverse trascriptase

53
Q

What is hTERC?

A

telomerase RNA complex

54
Q

What is necrosis and is it fatal?

A

Cell death in living tissue is caused by external factors.
It is always detrimental to a patient and can be fatal

55
Q

What is an example of coagulative necrosis?

A

Myocardial infarction and renal infarction

56
Q

What is an example of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Infarct brain and abscess

57
Q

What is an example of caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis

58
Q

What is an example of fat necrosis?

A

Acute pancreatitis and traumatic fat necrosis of the breast

59
Q

What is an example of fibroid necrosis?

A

The accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in organs and tissues

60
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

61
Q

What mediates apoptosis?

A

Caspases

62
Q

What protein blocks apoptosis?

A

Bcl2 homodimer

63
Q

What protein promotes apoptosis?

A

BAX homodimer

64
Q

What protein makes an inactive complex?

A

Bcl2-BAX

65
Q

What are two examples of altered genes?

A

Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor genes

66
Q

What is an example of a proto-oncogene?

A

ras genes (GTPases)

67
Q

What is an example of a tumor-suppressor?

A

p53

Genetics Tuskegee (8 decks)

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