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Agriculture Related subjects > Soil Science > Flashcards

Soil Science Flashcards

1
Q

Microbial activity and population proliferate best in what moisture range

A

20 - 60%

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2
Q

Microorganisms growing at low temperature below 10C

A

Psychrophiles

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3
Q

Microorganisms growing well in temperature range of 20C to 45C

A

Mesophiles

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4
Q

Microorganisms that can tolerate temperature above 45C

A

Thermophiles

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5
Q

Chief source of energy and food

A

Soil Organic Matter

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6
Q

Ratios of soil organic matter to detritus to microbial biomass to faunal biomass

A

1000: 100: 10 : 1

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7
Q

*threadworm or eel worms
*Unsegmented round worms about 4 to 100 um
*Crytobiotic or resting state
*Cycling and release of plant available nitrogen accounting 30 to 40%

A

Nematodes

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8
Q

*often classified as Protists
*prokaryotes, single-celled organism
*Cells do not have true walls
*Amoeba, ciliates, flagellates
*Most varied and numerous of the soil faunas
*Grow best at 18 to 32C
*Resting body or Cysts

A

Protozoa

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9
Q

*Eukaryotic
*Equipped with chlorophyll
*Photoautotrophs
*Size ranges from 2 to 20um
*Green Algae (moist but nonflooded acidic soils)
*Diatoms (neutral to alkaline, well-drained, older soil rich in OM)
*Excrete polysaccharides that have very favorable effects on soil aggregation
*Most abundant photosynthetic microorganism

A

Soil Algae

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10
Q

Prokaryotic and contain chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycocyanin pigments

A

Blue-green Algae

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11
Q

*Total biomass probably represent the most important soil microflora
*Reproduce by asexual and or sexual pores
*Eukaryotes with clear nuclear membrane and cell walls
*Heterotrophs
*Aerobic
*Yeast (anerobic), mold and mushrooms (filamentous)
*Hyphae, fruiting bodies

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Penecillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Pestalotia, Monilia, Mucor, Colletorichium, Lasiidiplodia, Thielaviopsis

A

Genus of Fungi

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13
Q

*Serve to transfer mineral nutrients from fungi to the host plant

*Serve as storage organs of mycorrhizae

A

*Arbuscules

*Vesicles

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14
Q

*Prokaryotes
*Aerobic heterotrophs
*Actinomycin, neomycin, and streptomycin
*Develop best in moist, warm, well-aerated soil
*Nocardia and Streptomyces
*reduce even cellulose, chitin, and phospholipids to simpler forms
*Very important in the final (curing) stages of composting

A

Soil Actinomycetes

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15
Q

Earthy-aroma of organic-rich soils and freshly plowed land which is mainly due to actinomyces products called

A

Geosmins

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16
Q

*most numerous of the microorganisms
*Cocci (round), spirilla (spirillum), and rods (bacillus)
*Majority are heterotrophic
*Grow best under neutral to slightly alkaline conditions
*Prokaryotic
*Size ranges from 0.5 to 5um
*Most important groups in the breakdown of hydrocarbon compounds such as gasoline and diesel fuel

A

Soil Bacteria

17
Q

Certain organisms produce these substances that so strongly bind to irons and other organisms and their immunity cannot grow or lack of essential elements

A

Siderophores

18
Q

Rapid composting technology was developed by
; Trichoderma harzianum

A

Dr. Virginia Cuevas

19
Q

Most favorable temperature for nitrification ranges from

A

20 to 30C

20
Q

*correction of soil acidity by the application of what

*Correction of soil alkalinity through

*Correction of soil salinity through

A

*Liming

*Application of Sulfur then flooding

*lime application and leaching

21
Q

Electrical conductivity of the soil solution gives an indirect measurement of the salt content

A

Soil Salinity

22
Q

Identifies the degree to which the exchange complex is saturated with Na

A

Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)

23
Q

Gives information on the comparative concentrations of Na, Ca, and Mg in soil solutions

A

Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)

24
Q

*accumulation of neutral soluble salts
*Salts are commonly brought to the soil surface by evaporating water, creating a white crust (alkali)
*Carbonates, Chlorides and sulfates of Na, Ca, and Mg
*pH < 8.5 (white alkali)
*plant growth reduced due to osmotic effect
*EC = more than 4dS/m at 25C
*Dominate in arid-semi arid regions
*Contain appreciable quantities of chlorides and sulphates of Ca and Mg

A

Saline Soils

25
Q

*high levels of exchangeable Na
*Plant growth is constrained by toxicities of Na, OH, and HCO ions
*Black Alkali
*ESP of 15 or more
*Dominate in semi-arid and sub-humid regions
*Capable of alkaline hydrolysis (Na2CO3)
*EC is less than 4dS/m at 25C

A

Sodic Soils

26
Q

*high levels of soluble salts and exchangeable Na

A

Saline-sodic Soils

27
Q

Critical period of competition (weeds)

A

1/3 to 1/2 of its life cycle

28
Q

Allelopathy:

Microorganism to microorganism
Microorganism to Higher plants

Higher plants to higher plants
Higher plants to microorganism

A

Antibiotic
Marasmin

Koline
Phytoncide

29
Q

Last stage of plant germination.
Period of independent growth; the seedling is on its way of establishment or ___

A

Ecesis

30
Q

Tells when to lime

Present in soil solution

A

Active acidity

31
Q

Tells how much lime to apply

Present in soil colloids

A

Reserve Acidity

32
Q

N and S: amino acid

N and P: nucleic acid

A

Agriculture Related subjects (7 decks)

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