SOGI

Question 1

Primordial Prevention

Answer 1

• Prevent conditions that would enable risk factors for disease from developing
• Conditions, actions, and measures that minimize hazards to health
• Inhibit the emergence and establishment of processes and factors that increase risk of disease (environmental, economic, social, behavioural, cultural)
• Example: Iodized salt has been used for decades for micronutrient deficiencies
• Newer evidence suggests we may also need to add folic acid to iodized salt

Question 2

Primary Prevention

Answer 2

• Prioritizes lessening the impact of specific risk factors, and reducing the occurrence or incidence of a disease
• Initiatives “interrupt the chain of causality” before a physiological or psychological abnormality are identified
• Occurs through health promotion + specific actions
• May entail both personal and communal efforts
• Examples: decreasing environmental risks, enhancing nutritional status, immunizing against communicable disease, or improving water supplies

Question 3

Secondary Prevention

Answer 3

• Identify disease processes as early as possible, usually at a preclinical stage which may reduce prevalence by curbing duration
• Disrupts causality chain where psychological or physiological abnormality is present but before manifestation/symptoms are observed
• Typically targets those already accessing healthcare services
• PHN’s may plan, implement, or evaluate early clinical detection and population-based screening programs aimed at secondary prevention
• Example: Postpartum depression screening, colorectal or cervical cancer screening

Question 4

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 4

• Aimed at reducing the impact of long-term disease and disability by eliminating or reducing impairment or disability
• Occurs “after sign or symptom is present” and reduces the likelihood of progression
• Example: Studies show that marginalized women living with various vulnerabilities (mental illness, active substance use, HIV, unstable housing) show improved measures of HIV care when exposed weekly to a texting intervention
• Additional Examples: Chronic disease management programs, support groups
• Vocational rehabilitation programs that retrain workers for new jobs after recovering as much as possible
• Screening patients with diabetes for diabetic retinopathy to prevent progression to blindness

Question 5

Quaternary Prevention

Answer 5

• Identifies individuals or populations at risk of over-medicalization
• Guidelines and policies are put in place to help protect individuals from over-diagnosis
• May include protecting populations from new medical procedures or interventions that are untested and proposing alternatives that are ethically appropriate
• Example: Studies from 2017 found those that were found to have BRCA “variant of uncertain significance” (VUS) has higher rates of mastectomy’s exceeding 38%. Over time, a large proportion of VUS strains were reclassified as benign
• PHN’s could engage in support groups to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of prophylactic mastectomy

Question 6

Health Promotion

Answer 6

A process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their own health

Question 7

What are the Health Promotion Values?

Answer 7

• Empowerment
• Social Justice and equity
• Inclusion
• Respect

Question 8

What is Gender?

Answer 8

• The expression of one’s sex in terms of masculinity and femininity and is rooted in culture and history
• Recognized as a key social determinant of health
• Includes norms, behaviours, roles, and relationships with each other

Question 9

Gender Identity is…

Answer 9

How we see ourselves as women, men, neither, or both and affects our feelings and behaviours

Question 10

Cisgender (Binary)

Answer 10

A person whose internal gender identity matches their external identity

Question 11

Non-Binary is…

Answer 11

An umbrella term to include all gender identities that fall outside of the gender binary

Question 12

Agender

Answer 12

A person who identifies as having no gender

Question 13

Two-Spirit

Answer 13

• A person who embodies both a masculine and feminine spirit
• Culture specific term used among Indigenous peoples

Question 14

Gender non-conforming

Answer 14

A person whose gender expression differs from a given society’s norms for male and females

Question 15

Bigender

Answer 15

A person whose gender identity is a combination of two genders

Question 16

Gender fluid

Answer 16

A person whose gender identity is not fixed. They may always feel like a mix of the two traditional genders, but may feel more one gender some of the time, and another gender at others

Question 17

Transfeminine

Answer 17

A person who was assigned male sex at birth, but who identifies with femininity to a greater extent than masculinity

Question 18

Trans-masculine

Answer 18

A person who was assigned female sex at birth, but who identifies with masculinity to a greater extent than femininity

Question 19

Pangender

Answer 19

A person whose gender identity is comprised of many genders

Question 20

Genderqueer

Answer 20

A person whose gender identity falls outside of the traditional binary gender structure

Question 21

Gender-Based lens

Answer 21

• Way of ensuring that policies, programs, services and interventions are appropriate for all
• Sheds light on constraints and opportunities of individuals
• Enables the CHN to also consider class, race, ability, sexual orientation, and indigenous status when considering strengths and barriers

Question 22

Importance of using names and pronouns to reduce misgendering

Answer 22

• It is very common for non-binary people to be addressed using gender- specific language that does not match their gender identity -> misgendering
• Some non-binary people do not identify with the name they were given at birth, and may choose a new name -> always refer to the client by the name they indicate
• Misgendering is one of the greatest barriers to accessing affirmative health care

Question 23

Gender-Neutral Pronoun Set from Trans-Community

Answer 23

• ze/hir/hirs + ze/zir/zirs
• Ze is pronounced like the letter “z”
• Hir/Zir is pronounced like the word “here”
• Data collection is important in providing routine care
• Systematically collect routine information on gender identity as well as names and pronouns on intake forms
• This information enables HCP to better understand the health needs of non-binary people
• Gender identity should be collected separately from assigned sex at birth

Question 24

Homosexuality

Answer 24

Refers to romantic and sexual attractions towards individuals of the same gender, referred to as gay men and lesbian women in Canada

Question 25

Pansexuality

Answer 25

The romantic or sexual attraction to all genders

Question 26

Queer

Answer 26

Label for non-heterosexual, that some prefer - however it did at one time carry a strongly negative connotation and should only be used if someone has self-identified using this term

Question 27

Heterosexuality

Answer 27

The romantic or sexual attractions to another gender

Question 28

Bisexuality

Answer 28

The romantic or sexual attractions to more than one gender

Question 29

Internalized Homophobia can manifest as…

Answer 29

• low self-esteem, reduced self-care, and heath-compromising activities such as substance abuse or high-risk sexual activities to cope with stress.
• This is often due to being surrounding by negative and rejecting messages, hostility, and discrimination and create challenges with coping and someone accepting these negative societal views.

Question 30

Heterosexism

Answer 30

The assumption that heterosexuality is the norm, and a perspective that other orientations and genders are not “normal”