Software Engineering - Python

Question 1

What is Python?

Answer 1

Python is a
high-level
interpreted
general-purpose programming language

known for its
simplicity
readability
versatility

Question 2

What are the key features of Python?

Answer 2

Easy to learn and read,

dynamically typed

interpreted

multi-paradigm (supports object-oriented

procedural, and functional programming)

and has a large standard library

third-party ecosystem

Question 3

What are the main differences between Python 2 and Python 3?

Answer 3

Python 3 introduced changes in
print syntax
integer division
Unicode support
and some renamed or removed functions.

Python 2 is no longer maintained as of January 2020.

Question 4

What are the basic data types in Python?

Answer 4

Numeric types (int, float, complex)

sequences (list, tuple, range)

text type (str)

binary types (bytes, bytearray)

mapping type (dict)

set types (set, frozenset)

and boolean type (bool)

Question 5

What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

Answer 5

Lists are mutable (can be modified)
and defined with square brackets [],

while tuples are immutable (cannot be modified)
and defined with parentheses ().

Question 6

What is a dictionary in Python?

Answer 6

A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs,

defined with curly braces {}

and accessed by keys.

Question 7

What are the main control flow statements in Python?

Answer 7

if/elif/else for conditional execution

for and while loops for iteration

break, continue, and pass for loop control

Question 8

What is a function in Python?

Answer 8

A function is a
reusable block of code that performs a specific task

defined with the def keyword

called by its name followed by

parentheses ().

Question 9

What are the differences between positional and keyword arguments in Python functions?

Answer 9

Positional arguments
are passed by position and must be provided in the correct order

keyword arguments
are passed by name and can be provided in any order

Question 10

What is a lambda function in Python?

Answer 10

A lambda function is a

small, anonymous function defined with the lambda keyword,

often used for short, one-line operations.

Question 11

What is a module in Python?

Answer 11

A module is a
file containing Python definitions and statements,

which can be imported into other Python files

or the interactive interpreter.

Question 12

What is a package in Python?

Answer 12

A package is a way of organizing related modules into a directory hierarchy, with a special init.py file to mark the directory as a package.

Question 13

What is object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python?

Answer 13

OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data (attributes) and code (methods). Python supports OOP with classes and inheritance.

Question 14

What is the difference between a class and an instance in Python?

Answer 14

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects, while an instance is a specific object created from a class.

Question 15

What is inheritance in Python?

Answer 15

Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a new class to be based on an existing class, inheriting its attributes and methods.

Question 16

What is polymorphism in Python?

Answer 16

Polymorphism is the ability of objects to take on multiple forms, through method overriding (redefining inherited methods) or method overloading (defining methods with the same name but different parameters).

Question 17

What are decorators in Python?

Answer 17

Decorators are a way to modify or enhance the behavior of functions or classes without directly changing their source code, using the @decorator_name syntax.

Question 18

What is exception handling in Python?

Answer 18

Exception handling is a mechanism for dealing with runtime errors or unexpected conditions, using try/except/finally blocks.

Question 19

What are some common built-in exceptions in Python?

Answer 19

TypeError, ValueError, NameError, IndexError, KeyError, and ImportError.

Question 20

What are some popular Python libraries and frameworks for web development?

Answer 20

Django, Flask, FastAPI, Pyramid, and Tornado.

Question 21

What are some popular Python libraries for data analysis and machine learning?

Answer 21

NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and PyTorch.

Question 22

What is pip in Python?

Answer 22

pip is the standard package manager for Python, used to install and manage third-party libraries and packages.

Question 23

What are virtual environments in Python?

Answer 23

Virtual environments are isolated Python environments that allow you to install packages and dependencies specific to a project, without affecting the global Python installation.

Question 24

What are some best practices for writing clean and maintainable Python code?

Answer 24

Follow PEP 8 style guide, use meaningful names for variables and functions, keep functions small and focused, use comments and docstrings to document code, and use version control (e.g., Git).

Question 25

What are some tools for testing and debugging Python code?

Answer 25

pytest for unit testing, pdb for interactive debugging, and IDEs like PyCharm, VSCode, or Jupyter Notebook for integrated debugging and testing features.