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Simon Work > Software > Flashcards

Software Flashcards

1
Q

ASIF

3 Facts

A

Sparse format
Delta layers
Plugin for Amber

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2
Q

AMBER

Definition

A

Apple Modular Block Device Library

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3
Q

AEBD

Definition

A

Apple Encrypted Block Device

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4
Q

KNOX

2 facts

A

Asset database
Fast and secure storage

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5
Q

NBD

Definition

A

Network block device

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6
Q

FileVault

Definition, Use on ASM

A

Storage encryption with volume key
Class C protection on ASM

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7
Q

Data Protection

Definition

A

File Encryption

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8
Q

Data Vault

Definition

A

Restrict access to the data of an app from all other requesting apps

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9
Q

Sandbox access controls

Definition

A

Restrict what data an app can access

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10
Q

GCD

definition and description

A

Grand central dispatch
Execute code concurrently on multicore hardware by submitting work to dispatch queues managed by the system

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11
Q

Forward secrecy

Definition

A

Ensures session keys will not be compromised even if long term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised

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12
Q

ARV

Definition

A

Authenticated root volume

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13
Q

Evil Maid Attack

Description

A

An attack on an unattended device, in which an attacker alters it in some undetectable way so that they can later access the device, or the data on it.

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14
Q

ABD

description

A

file format for external customers that support AMBER like functions

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15
Q

ACS

Definition

A

Apple Cloud Service

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16
Q

DT

Apple Team

definition, two goals

A

Developer Tools
Planning to use virtual machine to test different OS and Xcode
replace Xcode simulator

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17
Q

MAC stadium

Purpose

A

Build and run with macOS in the cloud

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18
Q

Journaling file system

Description

A

Keep track of uncommitted changes in a data structure to avoid data corruptions

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19
Q

CAS

Apple Technology

Description

A

Build server

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20
Q

What are the two ways to find build records?

A

xbs buildrecords
knox download/extract build-record

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21
Q

New train names

Apple builds

A

Luck iOS
Cheer macOS
Napili watch
Charisma tv
Wonder Xcode
Discovery vision

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22
Q

Libkrun

Description

A

Rust based virtual machine monitor that links directly to hypervisor framework

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23
Q

Orbstack

Purpose

A

Run docker container and Linux on macOS VM

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24
Q

Accelerate framework

Apple Software Stack

Description

A

Make large scale mathematical computations and image calculations using SME and AMX

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25
Q

define, who, what

ESP

Networking Technology

A

Encapsulating security payload
Member of IPSec set of protocols
encrypt and authenticate the data packets between computers using a VPN

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26
Q

Description

VMNet

Apple Tech

A

Apple Framework for virtual machines to read and write packets

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27
Q

Description

Stolen time

A

Time that guest is ready to run but not scheduled

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28
Q

Description

Network link conditioner

A

Xcode tool to control bandwidth, latency and packet loss

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29
Q

Description

VZVirtioSocketDevice

A

A device that manages port-based connections between guest and host

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30
Q

Four trap controls for performance monitors

ARM

A

ARM PMU register
CPMU, UPMU and CLPC registers

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31
Q

How CPMU registers are partitioned

ARM

A

Guarded vs unguarded
Host vs guest

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32
Q

Two functions of PMCR0_EL1

ARM

A

Enabling CPMU counters
Configuring overflow interrupts

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33
Q

Description

Apple framework

A

A bundled shared library (dylib), which contains code and miscellaneous files

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34
Q

3 Facts

libSystem

Apple Tech

A

Darwin’s most essential library
Services provided by the lowest level of the C runtime
Wrappers over kernel functions

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35
Q

Definition

NMOS

Apple Term

A

Next mainline OS

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36
Q

Description

Linux namespace

A

Partition kernel resources such that a process can only access resources of its namespace

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37
Q

3 facts

VirtioFS

A

This uses the FUSE protocol, funnels requests through shared memory, and handles them on macOS

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38
Q

Description

Recap

Apple Tech

A

API and CLI to Synthetically playback events or gestures on a device

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39
Q

what, how, who

Virtio Net

A

Paravirtualized network device
Use shared memory for data transmission
Adopted in Linux and other operating systems

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40
Q

3 Entitlements

Impacts of entitlements on VM ISA

Apple Tech

A

security.hypervisor allows generic ISA
Private.hypervisor.apple - allows Apple ISA
private.hypervisor - allows Apple ISA at least but also internal ISA for
Development kernel, AppleInternal, research guests

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41
Q

Darwin’s four kernel interfaces

Apple Tech

A

System calls
Mach traps
Machine dependent calls (machdep)
Comm page

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42
Q

definition, info, code, management

ACPI

Standard

A

Advanced configuration and power interface
Description of a computer’s configuration and its various components
Associate drivers with its system peripherals
Platform interfaces for power and system management

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43
Q

definition and four management functions

PSCI

Standard

A

Power state coordination interface
Core idle management
Dynamic addition and removal of cores
secondary core boot
System shutdown and reset

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44
Q

4 things defined

SMCCC

ARM

A

Defines a common calling mechanism to be used with SMC and HVC
Defines how registers are used to pass parameters and results
Defines service types
Defines Arm architectural calls

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45
Q

definition and description

NAT

Networking Tech

A

Network address translation
Map one address space to another by modifying address information in the IP header in transit across a routing device or virtual machine monitor

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46
Q

definition, what, vm, why

TAP

Linux

A

Terminal access point
Network device mode that allows the creation of a virtual network interface
Support network backend for virtual machines
More performant and capable than SLIRP (user networking)

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47
Q

Description

CentOS

Linux

A

Linux distribution derived from Red Hat Enterprise Linux

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48
Q

Three VMWare scheduling constraints

A

Shares
Reservation
Limit

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49
Q

Two ways to put expiring workarounds

Apple Tech

A

_CFAppVersionCheckLessThan

dyld_program_sdk_at_least

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50
Q

Names of 1000 bytes to the power of 1 to 5

A

Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes

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51
Q

Names of 1024 bytes to the power of 1 to 5

A

Kibibytes, Mebibytes, Gibibytes, tebibytes, pebibytes

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52
Q

what, where and how many

PCIe BAR

Virtio Standard

A

Describe a memory region the CPU accesses to interact with a PCIe device
Defined in configuration space
Each device has 8 functions, and each has 6 BARs

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53
Q

Purpose

Kali Linux

A

Debian based Linux distribution geared toward information security tasks

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54
Q

definition and description

P2V

A

Physical to virtual
Migration of physical machines to virtual machines

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55
Q

Description

Libkern

Apple Tech

A

C++ runtime environment in XNU

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56
Q

what, find, interface, support

IOKit

Apple Tech

A

Objected oriented kernel drivers
A driver is looked up through IORegistry
Driver properties are provided in IOUserClient
Kernel APIs

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57
Q

definition and 4 features

APFS

Apple Tech

A

Apple File System
Full 64-bit mode, snapshots, encryption, volume management

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58
Q

what, why

DMG

Apple Tech

A

Disk image
bundling software distribution into single files and can be mounted as a block device

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59
Q

description

FSEvent

Apple Tech

A

File system wide notifications

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60
Q

Apple CLI to gather details about every aspect of the system

A

system_profiler

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61
Q

Apple home applications

A

MacOS: finder
iOS: SpringBoard
TvOS: Pineboard
WatchOS: carousel
AudioOS: soundboard

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62
Q

Apple HID monitor

A

MacOS: WindowServer
Others: backboardd

63
Q

Visible view and user input of MacOS window

A

Visible view: IOSurface
User input: Tactile layer

64
Q

what and how to communicate

VirtioBlk

Standard

A

Simple virtual block device
Communication based on the virtio notification and queues

65
Q

Isochronous transfer in USB

A

Transmit at a constant rate for real time information such as audio and video

66
Q

What, VM consequence

Bridged networking

A

Replicate another node in the physical network
VM will receive its own IP address if DHCP is enabled in the network

67
Q

definition and function

SMBIOS

A

System Management BIOS
Reading management information produced by the BIOS of a computer

68
Q

definition and 2 facts

MDM

A

Mobile device management
Securely and wirelessly configure a device by sending profiles and commands
Administer managed preferences

69
Q

protocol, usage

Apple Open Directory

A

Light weight directory access protocol (LDAP) implementation from Apple
Organize information about a network’s users and resources

70
Q

When isn’t APFS clone used?

A

Copy to a different volume
Copy nested directory

Extra: cp -c

71
Q

Conforms, Integrate

REST API

Standard

A

conforms to the representational state transfer principles
Integrate applications and components in microservices architecture

72
Q

Mediate, continue, narrow

XPC services

Apple Tech

A

mediate access to a shared resource
continue work beyond a client’s lifecycle
narrow the scope of access for different functionality

73
Q

3 Apple service types

A

Launch agent
Launch daemon
XPC service

74
Q

Definition

GPTK

Apple Tech

A

Game porting kit

75
Q

Description

Ray tracing

A

Technique for rendering light transport

76
Q

Symbols, Prove

Turing machine

A

Abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules
Prove properties of computation in general

77
Q

definition and description

IPSW

Apple Tech

A

iPhone software
File format for most Apple firmware

78
Q

Apple three commands to debug memory usage

A

leaks —outputGraph
Footprint
Vmmap

79
Q

Description

Owned unmapped memory

A

Represent memory that your process allocated, shared with another process, unmapped from its own address space but not yet unmapped from the other process address space

80
Q

Definition

SFR

Apple Tech

A

System firmware and recovery

81
Q

Description

EBS

Amazon

A

Block storage service designed for Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

82
Q

Description

BSD interface name

Networking

A

Network driver name followed by a number.
Ex. En0

83
Q

Definition

Thimble

Apple Tech

A

Trusted hybrid inference machine learning

84
Q

definition and description

TCB

Security

A

Trusted computer base
Set of components that collectively enforce the system’s security properties

85
Q

definition and description

Inode

Linux

A

Index node
Data structure that describes a file or directory

86
Q

Description

VHDX

Microsoft

A

Virtual hard disk drive of a virtual machine used by hyper-v

87
Q

Description

Universal binary

Apple Tech

A

Package with one binary for each architecture

88
Q

Apple CLI to see architectures of a universal binary

A

file

89
Q

Apple CLI to see details of a Mach O file

A

otool

90
Q

Definition

WASM

A

Web assembly

91
Q

Description

Shared library cache

Apple Tech

A

Prelink various commonly used Mach O dylibs into one file per architecture

92
Q

What does kevent do?

Apple Tech

A

Block current thread until any of the requested events occur

93
Q

Definition

SPRR

Apple Hardware

A

Shadow permissions remap registers

94
Q

Definition

APRR

Apple Hardware

A

Access permissions remap registers

95
Q

Definition

CTRR

Apple Hardware

A

Configurable text read only region

96
Q

Definition, Description

CDN

Networking

A

Content distribution network
Geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers

97
Q

Definition

UAF

Software Security

A

Use after free

98
Q

Description

Palladium

Hardware Tech

A

In circuit emulation for verification and debug

99
Q

Definition

AMI

Amazon

A

Amazon machine image

100
Q

Description

AWS Nitro

Amazon

A

Combination of dedicated hardware and lightweight hypervisor for running EC2 instances efficiently and securely

101
Q

Definition, Description

VPC

Networking

A

Virtual private cloud
Networking for cloud based resources and services that is global, scalable and flexible

102
Q

Link, Run

Tart VM

3rd Party

A

Link to virtualization framework
Run locally or in the cloud

103
Q

Description, Purpose

AI quantization

A

Convert input values from a large set to output values in a small set
Reduce computation demands of AI models

104
Q

Description

NumPy

Python

A

Python package for scientific computing

105
Q

Two keywords and their meanings

Swift structured concurrency

A

Async to define a method for doing asynchronous work
Await to call an async method

106
Q

Definition, Description

DPDK

Networking

A

Data Plane Development Kit
Open source kit consists of libraries to accelerate data processing workloads running on a wide variety of CPUs.

107
Q

what and why

Apple VideoToolbox

A

Low level framework that provides direct access to hardware encoders and decoders
For video compression and decompression, and for conversion between raster image formats

108
Q

Description

Rasterization

Graphics

A

Converting images in a vector graphics format to raster format used by display monitors

109
Q

Definition, Description

TBB

C++

A

Thread building block
C++ template library from Intel for parallel programming on multi core processors

110
Q

Description

Future

Programming

A

place holder for the result of an asynchronous operation

111
Q

Description

Promise

Programming

A

Set the value of a future once an asynchronous operation is complete

112
Q

Do, Don’t

Pure function

Programming

A

Return the same result given the same argument
Cannot be affected by mutable states or other side effects

113
Q

define, what, why

VFS

File

A

Virtual file system
Standard interface for all file systems
Enable Linux to support large number of file systems

114
Q

define, push, pop

SQ

Apple Software

A

DI2 submission queue
Producer pushes a SQE for a new IO request, which rings the doorbell
Consumer pops a SQE to service the request

115
Q

define, push, pop

CQ

Apple Software

A

DI2 Complete Queue
Push a CQE for a completed IO operation, which may invoke a callback function.
Pop CQE to acknowledge

116
Q

Description

Upward dependency

Programming

A

Two software modules that have link dependencies on each other

117
Q

definition, user perspective, OS perspective

TCC

Apple Software

A

Transparency, consent and control
OS perspective: manager of authorizing system
User perspective: decision input point

118
Q

Definition, Description

ACIO

Apple Tech

A

Apple Converged Input Output
Apple trade-mark for USB 4.0

119
Q

definition, connections, routing

OVS

Networking

A

Open vSwitch
Connecting different VMs and Internet
Route packets from vhost net and NIC

120
Q

2 functions

Libvirt

Linux

A

Translate XML configurations to QEMU CLI calls
Provide admin daemon to manage QMU child processes

121
Q

Description

vhost protocol

Networking

A

Allows the virtio data plane implementation to be offloaded to another element (user process or kernel module) for performance

122
Q

Two meanings

virtio net

Networking

A

Virtio networking device implementation
Guest kernel front end described in the vhost net protocol

123
Q

Definition, Description

DPDK

Networking

A

Data plane development kit
Bypass the kernel networking stack and directly access network devices

124
Q

definition, two functions

AMFI

Apple Software

A

Apple Mobile files integrity
Validate code signatures
Ensure they are signed by a trusted authority

125
Q

Description

ABA problem in concurrency

Programming

A

A value is read is twice and it’s having the same value is used to conclude nothing has happened in the interim

126
Q

what, each letter

REMITS

Security

A

Chain of trust pipeline
Root of trust
Endorsement
Measurement
Identity
Trust
Secrets

127
Q

Definition, Description

TCG

QEMU

A

Tiny Code Generator
Dynamic translation backend that translates guest code to host code

128
Q

what, trust, 3 services

COCONUT SVSM

Linux

A

Secure VM service module
same trust boundary but isolated from guest operating system
vTPM
UEFI variable store
Live migration for CVMs

129
Q

definition, 2 facts

IGVM

Linux

A

Independent guest virtual machine
Encapsulate all the information required to launch a virtual machine on any virtualization stack
Contain measurement

130
Q

define, how, so what

ARC

Apple Programming

A

Automatic reference counting
Retain and release are inserted at compile time
Deallocate objects with zero reference

131
Q

Definition, Description

VPC

Netwoking

A

Virtual private cloud
An isolated and customizable network within a public cloud

132
Q

Description

Syntactic sugar

Programming

A

Programming syntax that’s easier to read and write

133
Q

Description

Mersenne twister

Software

A

Pseudo number generator

134
Q

security, function

Paravisor

A

Executed within the VM but higher privilege than the guest OS
Provide virtualization and device services

135
Q

Description

OpenVMM

A

Modular cross-platform virtual machine monitor written in Rust

136
Q

what, parts, why

OpenHCL

A

Open source paravisor
Consists of OpenVMM, boot loader and Linux kernel
Confidential compute for non enlightened guests

137
Q

6 Steps

Progression of kernel memory corruption exploit

A

vulnerability → constrained memory corruption → strong memory corruption → memory read/write → control flow integrity bypass → arbitrary code execution

138
Q

what, why

Monad

Programming

A

Structure that combines program fragments and wraps their return values in a type with additional computations
Simplifying common operations and abstracting control flows

139
Q

what, who

Hyperlight

Microsoft Tech

A

Open Source Rust library enabling fast and secure execution of small functions using hypervisor based protection
Developed by Microsoft Azure

140
Q

Virtio initialization: Four Status Bits

A

Acknowledge
Driver
Features OK
Driver OK

141
Q

Five parts of virtio device

A

Device status field
Feature bits
Notifications
Device configuration space
At least one virt queues

142
Q

Three virtio notifications

A

Configuration change
Available buffer
Used buffer

143
Q

Three parts of a virtqueue

A

Descriptor area - describe buffers
Driver area - data from driver
Device area - data from device

144
Q

Two virtqueue formats

A

Split
Packed

145
Q

Five steps for a buffer to transfer from driver to device and back on split virtqueue

A

• Driver fills a slot in the descriptor table.
• Driver writes the descriptor index into the available ring.
• Driver sends an available buffer notification.
• Device writes the descriptor index into the used ring.
• Device sends a used buffer notification.

146
Q

Three parts of packed virt queues

A

Descriptor ring
Driver event suppression
Device event suppression

147
Q

Four steps for sending a buffer to a device and back via a packed virtqueue

A
  • Driver writes an available descriptor for the buffer in the descriptor ring.
  • Driver sends an available buffer notification.
  • Device writes a used descriptor in the descriptor ring, thereby overwriting a descriptor previously made available.
  • Device sends an used buffer notification.
148
Q

DD, why

vDSO

Linux

A

Virtual dynamic shared object
Mechanism to export kernel routines to user space
Avoid costs of system calls

149
Q

Definition, description, 3 components

ATS

PCIe

A

Address translation service
Converts device IO address to physical address
Translation agent, address translation page table, address translation cache

150
Q

PCI: PRI: d2

PCIe

A

Page request interface
Sent by an endpoint to request a page be mapped into system memory for an ATS transaction

151
Q

CXL: define, 3 facts

PCIe

A

Compute express link
Open standard interconnect
high speed, high capacity CPU to memory and CPU to device connections
For data center computers

152
Q

SFINAE: d2

Programming

A

Substitution failure is not an error
It’s a powerful technique used in template metaprogramming to enable conditional compilation based on the properties of types.

153
Q

Suppress buddy flow

Apple Software

A

defaults write com.apple.purplebuddy SetupFinishedAllSteps -bool YES

Simon Work (5 decks)

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