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Tech > Software > Flashcards

Software Flashcards

1
Q

ASIF

A

Sparse format
Delta layers
Plugin for Amber

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2
Q

AMBER

A

Apple Modular Block Device Library

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3
Q

AEBD

A

Apple Encrypted Block Device

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4
Q

KNOX

A

Asset database
Fast and secure storage

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5
Q

NBD

A

Network block device

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6
Q

FileVault

A

Storage encryption with volume key (class C protection on ASM)

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7
Q

Data Protection

A

File Encryption

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8
Q

Data Vault

A

Restrict access to the data of an app from all other requesting apps

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9
Q

Sandbox access controls

A

Restrict what data an app can access

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10
Q

GCD: definition and description

A

Grand central dispatch
Execute code concurrently on multicore hardware by submitting work to dispatch queues managed by the system

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11
Q

Forward secrecy

A

Ensures session keys will not be compromised even if long term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised

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12
Q

ARV

A

Authenticated root volume

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13
Q

Evil Maid Attack

A

An attack on an unattended device, in which an attacker alters it in some undetectable way so that they can later access the device, or the data on it.

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14
Q

ABD: description

A

file format for external customers that support AMBER like functions

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15
Q

ACS

A

Apple Cloud Service

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16
Q

DT: definition and two goals

A

Developer Tools
Planning to use virtual machine to test different OS and Xcode
replace Xcode simulator

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17
Q

MAC stadium

A

Build and run with macOS in the cloud

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18
Q

Journaling file system

A

Keep track of uncommitted changes in a data structure to avoid data corruptions

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19
Q

CAS

A

Build server

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20
Q

What are the two ways to find build records?

A

xbs buildrecords
knox download/extract build-record

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21
Q

New train names

A

Luck iOS
Cheer macOS
Napili watch
Charisma tv
Wonder Xcode
Discovery vision

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22
Q

Libkrun

A

Rust based virtual machine monitor that links directly to hypervisor framework

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23
Q

Orbstack

A

Run docker container and Linux on macOS VM

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24
Q

Accelerate framework

A

Make large scale mathematical computations and image calculations using SME and AMX

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25
Q

Gray matter

A

Apple intelligence

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26
Q

Networking: ESP: define, who, what

A

Encapsulating security payload
Member of IPSec set of protocols
encrypt and authenticate the data packets between computers using a VPN

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27
Q

VMNet

A

Apple Framework for virtual machines to read and write packets

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28
Q

Stolen time

A

Time that guest is ready to run but not scheduled

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29
Q

Network link conditioner

A

Xcode tool to control bandwidth, latency and packet loss

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30
Q

VZVirtioSocketDevice

A

A device that manages port based connections between the guest system and the host computer

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31
Q

Four trap controls for performance monitors

A

ARM PMU register
CPMU, UPMU and CLPC registers

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32
Q

How CPMU registers are partitioned

A

Guarded vs unguarded
Host vs guest

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33
Q

Two functions of PMCR0_EL1

A

Enabling CPMU counters
Configuring overflow interrupts

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34
Q

Apple framework

A

A bundled shared library (dylib), which contains code and miscellaneous files

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35
Q

libSystem: 3 facts

A

Darwin’s most essential library
Services provided by the lowest level of the C runtime
Wrappers over kernel functions

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36
Q

NMOS

A

Next mainline OS

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37
Q

Linux namespace

A

Partition kernel resources such that one set of processes sees one set of resources, while another set of processes sees a different set of resources

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38
Q

VirtioFS: 3 facts

A

This uses the FUSE protocol, funnels requests through shared memory, and handles them on macOS

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39
Q

Recap

A

API and CLI to Synthetically playback events or gestures on a device

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40
Q

Virtio Net: what, how, who

A

Paravirtualized network device
Use shared memory for data transmission
Adopted in Linux and other operating systems

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41
Q

Impacts of entitlements on VM ISA

A

security.hypervisor allows generic ISA
Private.hypervisor.apple - allows Apple ISA
private.hypervisor - allows Apple ISA at least but also internal ISA for
Development kernel, AppleInternal, research guests

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42
Q

Darwin’s four kernel interfaces

A

System calls
Mach traps
Machine dependent calls (machdep)
Comm page

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43
Q

ACPI: definition, info, code, management

A

Advanced configuration and power interface
Description of a computer’s configuration and its various components
Associate drivers with its system peripherals
Platform interfaces for power and system management

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44
Q

PSCI: definition and four management functions

A

Power state coordination interface
Core idle management
Dynamic addition and removal of cores
secondary core boot
System shutdown and reset

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45
Q

SMCCC: 4 things being defined

A

Defines a common calling mechanism to be used with SMC and HVC
Defines how registers are used to pass parameters and results
Defines service types
Defines Arm architectural calls

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46
Q

NAT: definition and description

A

Network address translation
Map one address space to another by modifying address information in the IP header in transit across a routing device or virtual machine monitor

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47
Q

TAP in Linux: definition, what, vm, why

A

Terminal access point
Network device mode that allows the creation of a virtual network interface
Support network backend for virtual machines
More performant and capable than SLIRP (user networking)

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48
Q

CentOS: one liner

A

Linux distribution derived from Red Hat Enterprise Linux

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49
Q

Three VMWare scheduling constraints

A

Shares
Reservation
Limit

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50
Q

Two ways to put expiring workarounds

A

_CFAppVersionCheckLessThan

dyld_program_sdk_at_least

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51
Q

Names of 1000 bytes to the power of 1 to 5

A

Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes

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52
Q

Names of 1024 bytes to the power of 1 to 5

A

Kibibytes, Mebibytes, Gibibytes, tebibytes, pebibytes

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53
Q

PCIe BAR: what, where and how many

A

Describe a memory region the CPU accesses to interact with a PCIe device
Defined in configuration space
Each device has 8 functions, and each has 6 BARs

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54
Q

Kali Linux

A

Debian based Linux distribution geared toward information security tasks

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55
Q

P2V: definition and description

A

Physical to virtual
Migration of physical machines to virtual machines

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56
Q

Libkern

A

C++ runtime environment in XNU

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57
Q

IOKit: what, find, interface, support

A

Objected oriented kernel drivers
A driver is looked up through IORegistry
Driver properties are provided in IOUserClient
Kernel APIs

58
Q

APFS: definition and 4 features

A

Apple File System
Full 64-bit mode, snapshots, encryption, volume management

59
Q

APFS: definition and 4 features

A

Apple File System
Full 64-bit mode, snapshots, encryption, volume management

60
Q

DMG: what, why

A

Disk image
bundling software distribution into single files and can be mounted as a block device

61
Q

FSEvent: description

A

File system wide notifications

62
Q

Apple CLI to gather details about every aspect of the system

A

system_profiler

63
Q

Apple home applications

A

MacOS: finder
iOS: SpringBoard
TvOS: Pineboard
WatchOS: carousel
AudioOS: soundboard

64
Q

Apple HID monitor

A

MacOS: WindowServer
Others: backboardd

65
Q

Two entities of MacOS window

A

IOSurface provides the visible view
Tactile layer provides user input

66
Q

VirtioBlk: what and how to communicate

A

Simple virtual block device
Communication based on the virtio notification and queues

67
Q

Isochronous transfer in USB

A

Transmit at a constant rate for real time information such as audio and video

68
Q

Bridged networking

A

Replicate another node in the physical network and your VM will receive its own IP address if DHCP is enabled in the network

69
Q

SMBIOS: definition and function

A

System Management BIOS
Reading management information produced by the BIOS of a computer

70
Q

MDM: definition and 2 facts

A

Mobile device management
Securely and wirelessly configure a device by sending profiles and commands
Administer managed preferences

71
Q

Apple Open Directory: 2 facts

A

Light weight directory protocol (LDAP) implementation from Apple
Organize information about a network’s users and resources

72
Q

When isn’t APFS clone used?

A

Copy to a different volume
Copy nested directory
Extra: cp -c

73
Q

REST API: 2 facts

A

conforms to the representational state transfer principles
Integrate applications and components in microservices architecture

74
Q

XPC services: 3 benefits

A

mediate access to a shared resource
continue work beyond a client’s lifecycle
narrow the scope of access for different functionality

75
Q

3 Apple service types

A

Launch agent
Launch daemon
XPC service

76
Q

GPTK

A

Game porting kit

77
Q

Ray tracing

A

Technique for rendering light transport

78
Q

Turing machine: what and why

A

Abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules
Prove properties of computation in general

79
Q

IPSW: definition and description

A

iPhone software
File format for most Apple firmware

80
Q

Apple three commands to debug memory usage

A

leaks —outputGraph
Footprint
Vmmap

81
Q

Owned unmapped memory

A

Represent memory that your process allocated, shared with another process, unmapped from its own address space but not yet unmapped from the other process address space

82
Q

SFR

A

System firmware and recovery

83
Q

EBS

A

Block storage service designed for Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

84
Q

BSD interface name

A

Network driver name followed by a number.
Ex. En0

85
Q

Thimble

A

Trusted hybrid inference machine learning

86
Q

TCB in security: definition and description

A

Trusted computer base
Set of components that collectively enforce the system’s security properties

87
Q

Inode: definition and description

A

Index node
Data structure that describes a file or directory

88
Q

VHDX

A

Virtual hard disk drive of a virtual machine used by hyper-v

89
Q

Universal binary

A

Package with one binary for each architecture

90
Q

Apple CLI to see architectures of a universal binary

A

file

91
Q

Apple CLI to see details of a Mach O file

A

otool

92
Q

WASM

A

Web assembly

93
Q

Shared library cache

A

Prelink various commonly used Mach O dylibs into one file per architecture

94
Q

What does kevent do?

A

Block current thread until any of the requested events occur

95
Q

SPRR

A

Shadow permissions remap registers

96
Q

APRR

A

Access permissions remap registers

97
Q

CTRR

A

Configurable text read only region

98
Q

CDN: d2

A

Content distribution network
Geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers

99
Q

UAF

A

Use after free

100
Q

Palladium

A

In circuit emulation for verification and debug

101
Q

Amazon: AMI

A

Amazon machine image

102
Q

AWS Nitro

A

Combination of dedicated hardware and lightweight hypervisor for running EC2 instances efficiently and securely

103
Q

VPC: d2

A

Virtual private cloud
Networking for cloud based resources and services that is global, scalable and flexible

104
Q

Tart VM: 2 facts

A

Link to virtualization framework
Run locally or in the cloud

105
Q

AI quantization: what, why

A

Convert input values from a large set to output values in a small set
Reduce computation demands of AI models

106
Q

NumPy

A

Python package for scientific computing

107
Q

Swift structured concurrency: two keywords

A

Async to define a method for doing asynchronous work
Await to call an async method

108
Q

DPDK: D2

A

Data Plane Development Kit
Open source kit consists of libraries to accelerate package processing workloads running on a wide variety of CPUs.

109
Q

Apple VideoToolbox: what and why

A

Low level framework that provides direct access to hardware encoders and decoders
For video compression and decompression, and for conversion between raster image formats

110
Q

Rasterization

A

Converting images in a vector graphics format to raster format used by display monitors

111
Q

TBB: d2

A

Thread building block
C++ template library from Intel for parallel programming on multi core processors

112
Q

Future

A

place holder for the result of an asynchronous operation

113
Q

Promise

A

Set the value of a future once an asynchronous operation is complete

114
Q

Pure function: do, don’t

A

Return the same result given the same argument
Cannot be affected by mutable states or other side effects

115
Q

VFS: define, what, why

A

Virtual file system
Standard interface for all file systems
Enable Linux to support large number of file systems

116
Q

SQ: define, push, pop

A

DI2 submission queue
Producer pushes a SQE for a new IO request, which rings the doorbell
Consumer pops a SQE to service the request

117
Q

CQ: define, push, pop

A

DI2 Complete Queue
Push a CQE for a completed IO operation, which may invoke a callback function.
Pop CQE to acknowledge

118
Q

Upward dependency

A

Two software modules that have link dependencies on each other

119
Q

TCC: definition, user perspective, OS perspective

A

Transparency, consent and control
OS perspective: manager of authorizing system
User perspective: decision input point

120
Q

ACIO: DD

A

Apple Converged Input Output
Apple trade-mark for USB 4.0

121
Q

OVS: definition, connections, routing

A

Open vSwitch
Connecting different VMs and Internet
Route packets from vhost net and NIC

122
Q

Libvirt : 2 functions

A

Translate XML configurations to QEMU CLI calls
Provide admin daemon to manage QMU child processes

123
Q

vhost protocol

A

Allows the virtio data plane implementation to be offloaded to another element (user process or kernel module) for performance

124
Q

Two meanings of virtio net

A

Virtio networking device implementation
Guest kernel front end described in the vhost net protocol

125
Q

DPDK: dd

A

Data plane development kit
Bypass the kernel networking stack and directly access network devices

126
Q

AMFI: definition, two functions

A

Apple Mobile files integrity
Validate code signatures
Ensure they are signed by a trusted authority

127
Q

ABA problem in concurrency

A

A value is read is twice and it’s having the same value is used to conclude nothing has happened in the interim

128
Q

REMITS: what, each letter

A

Chain of trust pipeline
Root of trust
Endorsement
Measurement
Identity
Trust
Secrets

129
Q

TCG in QEMU: D2

A

Tiny Code Generator
Dynamic translation backend that translates guest code to host code

130
Q

When is RC_XBS defined?

A

Both local and B&I builds using buildit

131
Q

When is RC_BUILDIT defined?

A

local build using buildit

132
Q

COCONUT SVSM: what, trust, 3 services

A

Secure VM service module
same trust boundary but isolated from guest operating system
vTPM
UEFI variable store
Live migration for CVMs

133
Q

IGVM: definition, 2 facts

A

Independent guest virtual machine
Encapsulate all the information required to launch a virtual machine on any virtualization stack
Contain measurement

134
Q

ARC: define, how, so what

A

Automatic reference counting
Retain and release are inserted at compile time
Deallocate objects with zero reference

135
Q

VPC: d2

A

Virtual private cloud
An isolated and customizable network within a public cloud

136
Q

Syntactic sugar

A

Programming syntax that’s easier to read and write

137
Q

Mersenne twister

A

Pseudo number generator

138
Q

Paravisor: security, function

A

Executed within the VM but higher privilege than the guest OS
Provide virtualization and device services

139
Q

OpenVMM

A

Modular cross-platform virtual machine monitor written in Rust

140
Q

OpenHCL - what, parts, why

A

Open source paravisor
Consists of OpenVMM, boot loader and Linux kernel
Confidential compute for non enlightened guests

141
Q

Progression of kernel memory corruption exploit - 6 steps

A

vulnerability → constrained memory corruption → strong memory corruption → memory read/write → control flow integrity bypass → arbitrary code execution

142
Q

Monad: what, why

A

Structure that combines program fragments and wraps their return values in a type with additional computations
Simplifying common operations and abstracting control flows

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