Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing Flashcards
What are the four types of tissue?
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
What does nervous tissue do?
Carries information in the form of electrical impulses
What do epithelial tissues do?
Cover exposed surfaces (lines internal passage ways and chambers)
What does connective tissue do?
Fills internal tissue
Provides structural support
Transports materials
Stores energy
What are muscle tissues specialised for?
Contraction
Epithelial are a vascular so how do they obtain nutrients?
By diffusion and absorption of material
How often are epithelial cells replaced/ regenerated?
They are continuously replaced/regenerated
What are the 4 main functions of epithelial tissue?
Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialised secretions
How does epithelial tissue provide sensation?
It has a large sensory nerve supply which is continually providing information about internal/external environment
What are the 3 different cell shapes of epithelium?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
What is a single layer of epithelium called?
Simple
What is epithelium made of many cell layers called?
Stratified
What are the two types of glands in the body?
Exocrine and endocrine
Give two examples of endocrine glands
Pituitary and thyroid
What do endocrine glands do?
Secrete hormones into cellular spaces, then into blood. The hormones regulate or co-ordinate activities of various tissues, organs and systems
What do exocrine glands do?
Secrete products into tubular ducts that empty on to the epithelial surface
Where does connective tissue occur?
Throughout the body
What is the structure of loose connective tissue?
Made up of loosely packed collagen and elastin fibres
What is the function of adipose tissue?
To provide padding, absorb shocks, insulate the body and stores energy
What is the difference in structure between loose connective tissue and adipose tissue?
Adipose tissue had a much higher proportion of fat cells
What is cartilage composed of?
Densely packed collagen fibres which allow it to withstand compression
What are the 6 functions of connective tissue?
Establishing structural framework for the body
Transports fluids and dissolved materials
Protects delicate organs
Supports, surrounds and connects other types of tissues
Stores energy (triglycerides)
Helps to defend body from invading microorganisms
What is the structure of cartilage?
Closely packed collagen fibres embedded in a firm martix gel containing chondrocytes and proteoglycans
What are chondrocytes and what do they do?
Cells that are within cartilage
They produce and maintain the cartilage matrix and also secrete a chemical which prevent the growth of blood vessels into the cartilage tissue
What are proteoglycans and what do they do?
They are a compound made of protein and sugar
They regulate movement of molecules throughout the matrix
Name the 3 types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
In most joints covering articulate surfaces
Between ribs and sternum
Nasal cartilage
Respiratory tract
Where is elastic cartilage found?
External flap of ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tube
Small cartilages in larynx
What is the key function of fibrocartilage?
Resists compression and absorbs shock
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Meniscus in the knee
Between vertebrae
Between pubic bones
What are membranes and what do they do?
Form a physical barrier and they line or cover all of the body surfaces.
They control the movement of substances in and out of whichever structure they are covering
When do membranes occur?
When epithelial tissue and connective tissue is combines
What do membranes consist of?
Epithelium supported by connective tissue
What are the four types of tissue membrane?
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
Synovial membrane
What do mucous membranes line?
Passageways and chambers that open to exterior
What do serous membranes line?
The sealed, internal subdivisions of the body cavities
Where do synovial membranes line?
The joint cavity within a synovial joint
What are the two layers of a synovial membrane?
Loose connective tissue and atypical epithelium
Where are synovial membranes found?
Around the joint cavity of a synovial joint, forms a synovial capsule
What are the two layers of cutaneous membranes?
Epidermis (epithelial tissue)
Dermis (connective tissue
What are the 8 functions of the cutaneous membrane?
Protection of underlying tissue
Excretion of salts, water and waste products
Maintenance of temperature
Production of melanin/keratin
Synthesis of Vitamin D3
Storage of lipids
Sensation
Coordination of immune response to pathogens/cancers in the skin
What are ligaments?
Fibrous bands of connective tissue that span joints to connect articulating bones
What is the function of a ligament?
To stabilise and support the body’s joints
What is an injury to a ligament called?
Sprain
How many grades can injuries of ligaments be classified into?
3
What is Grade 1 of ligament injury?
Micro tears
What is seen from a Grade 1 sprain?
Localised pain/tenderness
No visible bruising
Minimal swelling
Minimal loss of function
No laxity (looseness of limb or muscle)
What is the name of a grade 2 ligament injury?
Partial tear
What is seen of a grade 2 sprain?
Moderate swelling
Bruising
Poorly localised pain (might be a bit more generic around the joint)
Impairment and painful ROM (with deficit)
May have some instability
What is the name of a grade 3 ligament injury?
Complete tear/rupture
What is seen from a grade 3 sprain?
Audible pop and accute pain
Considerable swelling and bleeding into the joint (haemarthrosis)
Significant laxity/instability
Symptoms may later settle
What typically causes a muscle or tendon injury?
Over contracting or lengthening a muscle causing tearing of collagen
What phase of contraction do muscle and tendon injuries most commonly occur in?
Eccentric phase
What is a tear within the muscle fibres called?
A strain
How many grades of strains are there?
3
What is a grade 1 strain called?
Micro tear
What is seen with a grade 1 strain?
Localised pain/tenderness
No visible bruising
Minimal swelling
Minimal loss of function
No loss of strength or ROM
What is a grade 2 strain called?
Partial tear
What is seen with a Grade 2 strain?
Moderate swelling
Bruising
Poorly localised pain
Impairment and painful ROM (with deficit)
Decreased strength and pain on contraction
What is a grade 3 strain called?
Complete tear/rupture
What is seen with a grade 3 strain?
Audible pop and accute pain
Considerable swelling or bleeding
Inability to contract muscle
Separation may be evident
Lots of bruising
What 4 factors cause tissue damage?
Injury
Infection
Infarction
Immune reactions
