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Pathophysiology > Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing > Flashcards

Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Carries information in the form of electrical impulses

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3
Q

What do epithelial tissues do?

A

Cover exposed surfaces (lines internal passage ways and chambers)

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4
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Fills internal tissue
Provides structural support
Transports materials
Stores energy

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5
Q

What are muscle tissues specialised for?

A

Contraction

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6
Q

Epithelial are a vascular so how do they obtain nutrients?

A

By diffusion and absorption of material

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7
Q

How often are epithelial cells replaced/ regenerated?

A

They are continuously replaced/regenerated

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8
Q

What are the 4 main functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialised secretions

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9
Q

How does epithelial tissue provide sensation?

A

It has a large sensory nerve supply which is continually providing information about internal/external environment

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10
Q

What are the 3 different cell shapes of epithelium?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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11
Q

What is a single layer of epithelium called?

A

Simple

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12
Q

What is epithelium made of many cell layers called?

A

Stratified

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13
Q

What are the two types of glands in the body?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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14
Q

Give two examples of endocrine glands

A

Pituitary and thyroid

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15
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete hormones into cellular spaces, then into blood. The hormones regulate or co-ordinate activities of various tissues, organs and systems

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16
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete products into tubular ducts that empty on to the epithelial surface

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17
Q

Where does connective tissue occur?

A

Throughout the body

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18
Q

What is the structure of loose connective tissue?

A

Made up of loosely packed collagen and elastin fibres

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19
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

To provide padding, absorb shocks, insulate the body and stores energy

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20
Q

What is the difference in structure between loose connective tissue and adipose tissue?

A

Adipose tissue had a much higher proportion of fat cells

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21
Q

What is cartilage composed of?

A

Densely packed collagen fibres which allow it to withstand compression

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22
Q

What are the 6 functions of connective tissue?

A

Establishing structural framework for the body
Transports fluids and dissolved materials
Protects delicate organs
Supports, surrounds and connects other types of tissues
Stores energy (triglycerides)
Helps to defend body from invading microorganisms

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23
Q

What is the structure of cartilage?

A

Closely packed collagen fibres embedded in a firm martix gel containing chondrocytes and proteoglycans

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24
Q

What are chondrocytes and what do they do?

A

Cells that are within cartilage
They produce and maintain the cartilage matrix and also secrete a chemical which prevent the growth of blood vessels into the cartilage tissue

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25
Q

What are proteoglycans and what do they do?

A

They are a compound made of protein and sugar
They regulate movement of molecules throughout the matrix

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26
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

27
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

28
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

In most joints covering articulate surfaces
Between ribs and sternum
Nasal cartilage
Respiratory tract

29
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External flap of ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tube
Small cartilages in larynx

30
Q

What is the key function of fibrocartilage?

A

Resists compression and absorbs shock

31
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Meniscus in the knee
Between vertebrae
Between pubic bones

32
Q

What are membranes and what do they do?

A

Form a physical barrier and they line or cover all of the body surfaces.
They control the movement of substances in and out of whichever structure they are covering

33
Q

When do membranes occur?

A

When epithelial tissue and connective tissue is combines

34
Q

What do membranes consist of?

A

Epithelium supported by connective tissue

35
Q

What are the four types of tissue membrane?

A

Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
Synovial membrane

36
Q

What do mucous membranes line?

A

Passageways and chambers that open to exterior

37
Q

What do serous membranes line?

A

The sealed, internal subdivisions of the body cavities

38
Q

Where do synovial membranes line?

A

The joint cavity within a synovial joint

39
Q

What are the two layers of a synovial membrane?

A

Loose connective tissue and atypical epithelium

40
Q

Where are synovial membranes found?

A

Around the joint cavity of a synovial joint, forms a synovial capsule

41
Q

What are the two layers of cutaneous membranes?

A

Epidermis (epithelial tissue)
Dermis (connective tissue

42
Q

What are the 8 functions of the cutaneous membrane?

A

Protection of underlying tissue
Excretion of salts, water and waste products
Maintenance of temperature
Production of melanin/keratin
Synthesis of Vitamin D3
Storage of lipids
Sensation
Coordination of immune response to pathogens/cancers in the skin

43
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Fibrous bands of connective tissue that span joints to connect articulating bones

44
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A

To stabilise and support the body’s joints

45
Q

What is an injury to a ligament called?

A

Sprain

46
Q

How many grades can injuries of ligaments be classified into?

A

3

47
Q

What is Grade 1 of ligament injury?

A

Micro tears

48
Q

What is seen from a Grade 1 sprain?

A

Localised pain/tenderness
No visible bruising
Minimal swelling
Minimal loss of function
No laxity (looseness of limb or muscle)

49
Q

What is the name of a grade 2 ligament injury?

A

Partial tear

50
Q

What is seen of a grade 2 sprain?

A

Moderate swelling
Bruising
Poorly localised pain (might be a bit more generic around the joint)
Impairment and painful ROM (with deficit)
May have some instability

51
Q

What is the name of a grade 3 ligament injury?

A

Complete tear/rupture

52
Q

What is seen from a grade 3 sprain?

A

Audible pop and accute pain
Considerable swelling and bleeding into the joint (haemarthrosis)
Significant laxity/instability
Symptoms may later settle

53
Q

What typically causes a muscle or tendon injury?

A

Over contracting or lengthening a muscle causing tearing of collagen

54
Q

What phase of contraction do muscle and tendon injuries most commonly occur in?

A

Eccentric phase

55
Q

What is a tear within the muscle fibres called?

A

A strain

56
Q

How many grades of strains are there?

A

3

57
Q

What is a grade 1 strain called?

A

Micro tear

58
Q

What is seen with a grade 1 strain?

A

Localised pain/tenderness
No visible bruising
Minimal swelling
Minimal loss of function
No loss of strength or ROM

59
Q

What is a grade 2 strain called?

A

Partial tear

60
Q

What is seen with a Grade 2 strain?

A

Moderate swelling
Bruising
Poorly localised pain
Impairment and painful ROM (with deficit)
Decreased strength and pain on contraction

61
Q

What is a grade 3 strain called?

A

Complete tear/rupture

62
Q

What is seen with a grade 3 strain?

A

Audible pop and accute pain
Considerable swelling or bleeding
Inability to contract muscle
Separation may be evident
Lots of bruising

63
Q

What 4 factors cause tissue damage?

A

Injury
Infection
Infarction
Immune reactions

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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