Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing

Question 1

What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 1

Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

Question 2

What does nervous tissue do?

Answer 2

Carries information in the form of electrical impulses

Question 3

What do epithelial tissues do?

Answer 3

Cover exposed surfaces (lines internal passage ways and chambers)

Question 4

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 4

Fills internal tissue
Provides structural support
Transports materials
Stores energy

Question 5

What are muscle tissues specialised for?

Answer 5

Contraction

Question 6

Epithelial are a vascular so how do they obtain nutrients?

Answer 6

By diffusion and absorption of material

Question 7

How often are epithelial cells replaced/ regenerated?

Answer 7

They are continuously replaced/regenerated

Question 8

What are the 4 main functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 8

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialised secretions

Question 9

How does epithelial tissue provide sensation?

Answer 9

It has a large sensory nerve supply which is continually providing information about internal/external environment

Question 10

What are the 3 different cell shapes of epithelium?

Answer 10

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

Question 11

What is a single layer of epithelium called?

Answer 11

Simple

Question 12

What is epithelium made of many cell layers called?

Answer 12

Stratified

Question 13

What are the two types of glands in the body?

Answer 13

Exocrine and endocrine

Question 14

Give two examples of endocrine glands

Answer 14

Pituitary and thyroid

Question 15

What do endocrine glands do?

Answer 15

Secrete hormones into cellular spaces, then into blood. The hormones regulate or co-ordinate activities of various tissues, organs and systems

Question 16

What do exocrine glands do?

Answer 16

Secrete products into tubular ducts that empty on to the epithelial surface

Question 17

Where does connective tissue occur?

Answer 17

Throughout the body

Question 18

What is the structure of loose connective tissue?

Answer 18

Made up of loosely packed collagen and elastin fibres

Question 19

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Answer 19

To provide padding, absorb shocks, insulate the body and stores energy

Question 20

What is the difference in structure between loose connective tissue and adipose tissue?

Answer 20

Adipose tissue had a much higher proportion of fat cells

Question 21

What is cartilage composed of?

Answer 21

Densely packed collagen fibres which allow it to withstand compression

Question 22

What are the 6 functions of connective tissue?

Answer 22

Establishing structural framework for the body
Transports fluids and dissolved materials
Protects delicate organs
Supports, surrounds and connects other types of tissues
Stores energy (triglycerides)
Helps to defend body from invading microorganisms

Question 23

What is the structure of cartilage?

Answer 23

Closely packed collagen fibres embedded in a firm martix gel containing chondrocytes and proteoglycans

Question 24

What are chondrocytes and what do they do?

Answer 24

Cells that are within cartilage
They produce and maintain the cartilage matrix and also secrete a chemical which prevent the growth of blood vessels into the cartilage tissue

Question 25

What are proteoglycans and what do they do?

Answer 25

They are a compound made of protein and sugar They regulate movement of molecules throughout the matrix

Question 26

Name the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 26

Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage

Question 27

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Answer 27

Hyaline cartilage

Question 28

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 28

In most joints covering articulate surfaces Between ribs and sternum Nasal cartilage Respiratory tract

Question 29

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 29

External flap of ear Epiglottis Auditory tube Small cartilages in larynx

Question 30

What is the key function of fibrocartilage?

Answer 30

Resists compression and absorbs shock

Question 31

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 31

Meniscus in the knee Between vertebrae Between pubic bones

Question 32

What are membranes and what do they do?

Answer 32

Form a physical barrier and they line or cover all of the body surfaces. They control the movement of substances in and out of whichever structure they are covering

Question 33

When do membranes occur?

Answer 33

When epithelial tissue and connective tissue is combines

Question 34

What do membranes consist of?

Answer 34

Epithelium supported by connective tissue

Question 35

What are the four types of tissue membrane?

Answer 35

Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous membrane Synovial membrane

Question 36

What do mucous membranes line?

Answer 36

Passageways and chambers that open to exterior

Question 37

What do serous membranes line?

Answer 37

The sealed, internal subdivisions of the body cavities

Question 38

Where do synovial membranes line?

Answer 38

The joint cavity within a synovial joint

Question 39

What are the two layers of a synovial membrane?

Answer 39

Loose connective tissue and atypical epithelium

Question 40

Where are synovial membranes found?

Answer 40

Around the joint cavity of a synovial joint, forms a synovial capsule

Question 41

What are the two layers of cutaneous membranes?

Answer 41

Epidermis (epithelial tissue) Dermis (connective tissue

Question 42

What are the 8 functions of the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 42

Protection of underlying tissue Excretion of salts, water and waste products Maintenance of temperature Production of melanin/keratin Synthesis of Vitamin D3 Storage of lipids Sensation Coordination of immune response to pathogens/cancers in the skin

Question 43

What are ligaments?

Answer 43

Fibrous bands of connective tissue that span joints to connect articulating bones

Question 44

What is the function of a ligament?

Answer 44

To stabilise and support the body’s joints

Question 45

What is an injury to a ligament called?

Answer 45

Sprain

Question 46

How many grades can injuries of ligaments be classified into?

Answer 46

3

Question 47

What is Grade 1 of ligament injury?

Answer 47

Micro tears

Question 48

What is seen from a Grade 1 sprain?

Answer 48

Localised pain/tenderness No visible bruising Minimal swelling Minimal loss of function No laxity (looseness of limb or muscle)

Question 49

What is the name of a grade 2 ligament injury?

Answer 49

Partial tear

Question 50

What is seen of a grade 2 sprain?

Answer 50

Moderate swelling Bruising Poorly localised pain (might be a bit more generic around the joint) Impairment and painful ROM (with deficit) May have some instability

Question 51

What is the name of a grade 3 ligament injury?

Answer 51

Complete tear/rupture

Question 52

What is seen from a grade 3 sprain?

Answer 52

Audible pop and accute pain Considerable swelling and bleeding into the joint (haemarthrosis) Significant laxity/instability Symptoms may later settle

Question 53

What typically causes a muscle or tendon injury?

Answer 53

Over contracting or lengthening a muscle causing tearing of collagen

Question 54

What phase of contraction do muscle and tendon injuries most commonly occur in?

Answer 54

Eccentric phase

Question 55

What is a tear within the muscle fibres called?

Answer 55

A strain

Question 56

How many grades of strains are there?

Answer 56

3

Question 57

What is a grade 1 strain called?

Answer 57

Micro tear

Question 58

What is seen with a grade 1 strain?

Answer 58

Localised pain/tenderness No visible bruising Minimal swelling Minimal loss of function No loss of strength or ROM

Question 59

What is a grade 2 strain called?

Answer 59

Partial tear

Question 60

What is seen with a Grade 2 strain?

Answer 60

Moderate swelling Bruising Poorly localised pain Impairment and painful ROM (with deficit) Decreased strength and pain on contraction

Question 61

What is a grade 3 strain called?

Answer 61

Complete tear/rupture

Question 62

What is seen with a grade 3 strain?

Answer 62

Audible pop and accute pain Considerable swelling or bleeding Inability to contract muscle Separation may be evident Lots of bruising

Question 63

What 4 factors cause tissue damage?

Answer 63

Injury Infection Infarction Immune reactions