Inflamation Flashcards
What are the 3 lines of defence?
Skin and mucous membrane
Inflamation
Immunity
What is inflammation?
The body’s non specific protective response to tissue damage, disease or injury in an attempt to destroy, dilute or wall of both the injuries agent and the injured tissue
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)
Warmth (calor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of function (function laesa)
What is the purpose of inflammation?
To prevent minor infections from becoming overwhelming
To prepare any damaged tissue for repair
What factors cause inflamation?
Injury/trauma
Infection
Infarction
Immune reactions
Nutrient deprivation
Describe the brief outline for mechanism of inflammation
Vascular response
Cellular response
Phagocytosis
Lymphatic drainage
What is transient vasoconstriction?
It is when for a very small period of time your vessels constrict
It reduces blood flow which prevents any bacteria from getting far/wont travel around body so quickly
Describe the vascular response from the mechanism of inflamation
Transient vasoconstriction
More prolonged vasodilation
Opening of capillary beds
Increased vascular permeability
Bradykinin causes capillary endothelium to retract (crenellation)
Oedema formation
Haemoconcentration
What does haemoconcentration mean?
Thickening of the blood from loss of plasma or water
Which are the first leucocytes to emigrate to the site of an injury?
Neutrophils
By what process do neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial gaps?
Diapedesis
Why are neutrophils attracted to the site of an injury?
They are attracted to the site of injury in response to chemical mediators in a process know as chemitaxis
What are the 9 cellular changes in the mechanism of inflammation?
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Pavementing
Chemotaxis
Pseudopod formation
Ameboid action
Emigration
Chemotaxis
What is phagocytosis?
The process of ingestion of foreign material or particulate matter
Describe the process of lymphatic drainage in the mechanism of inflammation
During inflammation lymphatic vessels open up assisting drainage of excessive fluid, the products of inflammation and any antigens not dealt with by the inflammatory processes
What is the reason for redness during acute inflammation?
Vasodilation; increase blood flow to injured area
What is the reason for heat during acute inflammation?
Vasodilation; increased blood flow to injured area
What is the reason for loss of function during acute inflammation?
Related to tissue damage from injury, pain and swelling at site
What is the reason for pain during acute inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability and accumulation of fluid causes compression in the tissues; chemical mediators can also directly elicit a pain response
What is the reason for oedema during acute inflammation?
Extracellular fluid accumulation often in the tissues as a result of increased vascular permeability
Name 7 common blood tests used to detect acute inflammation
White blood cell count
White blood cell differential
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
C-reactive protein
Compliment activity
Prothrombin time
Fibrinogen
What changes with inflammation occur to erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
The test detects RBC clumping or stacking as a result of increased fibrinogen levels
Levels increase
What changes occur with inflammation to white blood cell differential?
The proportion of immature neutrophils is increased in comparison to other white blood cell types
What changes to fibrinogen occur during inflammation?
Elevated during inflammation to promote coagulation
Compare the cause of acute inflammation to chronic inflammation
Cause of acute inflammation is usually known (trauma, surgery, antigen invasion) whereas the cause to chronic inflammation is often unknown (unresolved acute inflammation, complications of acute inflammation)
Compare the onset of acute and chronic inflamation
Acute = rapid
Chronic = slow, insidious
Compare the deterioration of acute and chronic inflammation
Acute = rapid
Chronic = slower deterioration
Compare the resolution of acute and chronic inflammation
Acute = full resolution
Chronic = fails to resolve
Compare the course of acute and chronic inflammation
Acute = follows a definite course, self limiting
Chronic = slow, unremitting, self perpetuating
Compare the main cells involved in acute and chronic inflammation
Acute = neutrophils, followed by monocytes -> macrophages
Chronic = macrophages and fibroblasts
Compare phagocytosis in acute and chronic inflammation
Acute = active phagocytosis
Chronic = persistent irritants resistant to phagocytosis -> ongoing chemotaxis
Compare the outcome of acute and chronic inflammation
Acute = beneficial, prevents invasion, first stage of tissue repair
Chronic = destructive scar tissue formation, non-functional -> contractures -> deformities, loss of movement
Name some common types of medication for inflammation
Aspirin
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, voltarol, naproxen)
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressants
What are cell mediated immune responses directed against?
Intracellular pathogens such as viruses, some cancer cells and tissue transplants
What are antibody-mediated immune responses directed against?
Extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria
Are T cells in functioning form when released from bone marrow?
No
Which organ adds components to T cells and activates them?
Thymus
What are the two types of mature T cells?
CD8+ T cell
CD4 + T cell
How are killer T cells formed?
CD8 becomes activated in the presence of CD4 to form killer T cells
Are B cells mature when they leaves the bone marrow?
Yes
After B cells are produced where are they stored until they are needed?
Lymphatic system
What activates B cells to release antibodies?
CD4
What chemicals do natural killer cells release and what do these do?
Perforin -< causes organism to destroy itself
Lymphotoxin -> causes apoptosis
How do CD4 T cells manage and co-ordinate the immune response?
Increases the production of T and B cells
Activate CD8 cells into killer cells
Activate B cells ro mature plasma cells
Act as suppressor cells, slow the immune response
What do B cells mature into in bone marrow?
Plasma cells
Name 6 antibody actions
Agglutination (cells stick together)
Precipitation ( antibody and antigen combine and become insoluble)
Neutralisation
Lysis
Opsonisation
Activation of complement cascade
What is infection?
An extension of inflammatory and immune processes
It is a complication of immune function
What is an infectious disease?
A state of tissue destruction resulting from invasion by micro-organisms
What is a host?
Individual exposed to, or contracts the infection
What is resident flora?
Microorganisms that live on or within the body in non-sterile areas without causing harm
What is a pathogen?
A disease producing micro-organism
Name some clinical manifestations of an infection
Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of function
Fever
Weakness
Anorexia
Headache
Nausea
name 7 types of pathogen
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsiae
Helminths
Mycoplasma
