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Pathophysiology > Inflamation > Flashcards

Inflamation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 lines of defence?

A

Skin and mucous membrane
Inflamation
Immunity

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2
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The body’s non specific protective response to tissue damage, disease or injury in an attempt to destroy, dilute or wall of both the injuries agent and the injured tissue

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3
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)
Warmth (calor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of function (function laesa)

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4
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

To prevent minor infections from becoming overwhelming
To prepare any damaged tissue for repair

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5
Q

What factors cause inflamation?

A

Injury/trauma
Infection
Infarction
Immune reactions
Nutrient deprivation

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6
Q

Describe the brief outline for mechanism of inflammation

A

Vascular response
Cellular response
Phagocytosis
Lymphatic drainage

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7
Q

What is transient vasoconstriction?

A

It is when for a very small period of time your vessels constrict
It reduces blood flow which prevents any bacteria from getting far/wont travel around body so quickly

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8
Q

Describe the vascular response from the mechanism of inflamation

A

Transient vasoconstriction
More prolonged vasodilation
Opening of capillary beds
Increased vascular permeability
Bradykinin causes capillary endothelium to retract (crenellation)
Oedema formation
Haemoconcentration

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9
Q

What does haemoconcentration mean?

A

Thickening of the blood from loss of plasma or water

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10
Q

Which are the first leucocytes to emigrate to the site of an injury?

A

Neutrophils

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11
Q

By what process do neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial gaps?

A

Diapedesis

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12
Q

Why are neutrophils attracted to the site of an injury?

A

They are attracted to the site of injury in response to chemical mediators in a process know as chemitaxis

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13
Q

What are the 9 cellular changes in the mechanism of inflammation?

A

Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Pavementing
Chemotaxis
Pseudopod formation
Ameboid action
Emigration
Chemotaxis

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14
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process of ingestion of foreign material or particulate matter

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15
Q

Describe the process of lymphatic drainage in the mechanism of inflammation

A

During inflammation lymphatic vessels open up assisting drainage of excessive fluid, the products of inflammation and any antigens not dealt with by the inflammatory processes

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16
Q

What is the reason for redness during acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation; increase blood flow to injured area

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17
Q

What is the reason for heat during acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation; increased blood flow to injured area

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18
Q

What is the reason for loss of function during acute inflammation?

A

Related to tissue damage from injury, pain and swelling at site

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19
Q

What is the reason for pain during acute inflammation?

A

Increased vascular permeability and accumulation of fluid causes compression in the tissues; chemical mediators can also directly elicit a pain response

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20
Q

What is the reason for oedema during acute inflammation?

A

Extracellular fluid accumulation often in the tissues as a result of increased vascular permeability

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21
Q

Name 7 common blood tests used to detect acute inflammation

A

White blood cell count
White blood cell differential
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
C-reactive protein
Compliment activity
Prothrombin time
Fibrinogen

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22
Q

What changes with inflammation occur to erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

The test detects RBC clumping or stacking as a result of increased fibrinogen levels
Levels increase

23
Q

What changes occur with inflammation to white blood cell differential?

A

The proportion of immature neutrophils is increased in comparison to other white blood cell types

24
Q

What changes to fibrinogen occur during inflammation?

A

Elevated during inflammation to promote coagulation

25
Q

Compare the cause of acute inflammation to chronic inflammation

A

Cause of acute inflammation is usually known (trauma, surgery, antigen invasion) whereas the cause to chronic inflammation is often unknown (unresolved acute inflammation, complications of acute inflammation)

26
Q

Compare the onset of acute and chronic inflamation

A

Acute = rapid
Chronic = slow, insidious

27
Q

Compare the deterioration of acute and chronic inflammation

A

Acute = rapid
Chronic = slower deterioration

28
Q

Compare the resolution of acute and chronic inflammation

A

Acute = full resolution
Chronic = fails to resolve

29
Q

Compare the course of acute and chronic inflammation

A

Acute = follows a definite course, self limiting
Chronic = slow, unremitting, self perpetuating

30
Q

Compare the main cells involved in acute and chronic inflammation

A

Acute = neutrophils, followed by monocytes -> macrophages
Chronic = macrophages and fibroblasts

31
Q

Compare phagocytosis in acute and chronic inflammation

A

Acute = active phagocytosis
Chronic = persistent irritants resistant to phagocytosis -> ongoing chemotaxis

32
Q

Compare the outcome of acute and chronic inflammation

A

Acute = beneficial, prevents invasion, first stage of tissue repair
Chronic = destructive scar tissue formation, non-functional -> contractures -> deformities, loss of movement

33
Q

Name some common types of medication for inflammation

A

Aspirin
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, voltarol, naproxen)
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressants

34
Q

What are cell mediated immune responses directed against?

A

Intracellular pathogens such as viruses, some cancer cells and tissue transplants

35
Q

What are antibody-mediated immune responses directed against?

A

Extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria

36
Q

Are T cells in functioning form when released from bone marrow?

A

No

37
Q

Which organ adds components to T cells and activates them?

A

Thymus

38
Q

What are the two types of mature T cells?

A

CD8+ T cell
CD4 + T cell

39
Q

How are killer T cells formed?

A

CD8 becomes activated in the presence of CD4 to form killer T cells

40
Q

Are B cells mature when they leaves the bone marrow?

A

Yes

41
Q

After B cells are produced where are they stored until they are needed?

A

Lymphatic system

42
Q

What activates B cells to release antibodies?

A

CD4

43
Q

What chemicals do natural killer cells release and what do these do?

A

Perforin -< causes organism to destroy itself
Lymphotoxin -> causes apoptosis

44
Q

How do CD4 T cells manage and co-ordinate the immune response?

A

Increases the production of T and B cells
Activate CD8 cells into killer cells
Activate B cells ro mature plasma cells
Act as suppressor cells, slow the immune response

45
Q

What do B cells mature into in bone marrow?

A

Plasma cells

46
Q

Name 6 antibody actions

A

Agglutination (cells stick together)
Precipitation ( antibody and antigen combine and become insoluble)
Neutralisation
Lysis
Opsonisation
Activation of complement cascade

47
Q

What is infection?

A

An extension of inflammatory and immune processes
It is a complication of immune function

48
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

A state of tissue destruction resulting from invasion by micro-organisms

49
Q

What is a host?

A

Individual exposed to, or contracts the infection

50
Q

What is resident flora?

A

Microorganisms that live on or within the body in non-sterile areas without causing harm

51
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease producing micro-organism

52
Q

Name some clinical manifestations of an infection

A

Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of function
Fever
Weakness
Anorexia
Headache
Nausea

53
Q

name 7 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsiae
Helminths
Mycoplasma

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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