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Pathophysiology > Bones And Fractures > Flashcards

Bones And Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What do bones of the skeleton provide?

A

Structural function
Mobility
Support
Protection for the body
Storehouse for essential minerals

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2
Q

What is the epiphysis always covered in?

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

A

Widened ares between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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4
Q

What is the main artery of a long bone?

A

Nutrient artery

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5
Q

What is the medullary cavity of a long bone?

A

The hole in the middle

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6
Q

How many layers does the periosteum of a long bone have and what do they do?

A

2 layers
Outer is where the tendons and ligaments attach to
Inner has osteoprogenitor cells

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of osseous tissue?

A

Compact and spongy

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8
Q

What is spongy bone like?

A

Honeycomb network

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9
Q

What is compact bone like?

A

Solid hard layer

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10
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

External layer of all bones

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11
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

In inner parts of the axial skeleton and epiphysis of long bones

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12
Q

How is compact bone arranged?

A

Tissue is arranged in osteons, units of lamellae are laid down in adjoining series of concentric rings

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13
Q

How are the lamellae arranged in spongy bone?

A

In branching columns called trabecular
Spaces between trabecular are filled with either red or yellow bone marrow
Trabeculae are orientated along lines of stress

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14
Q

Where are osteogenic cells found?

A

In the endosteum of bone and inner layer of periosteum

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15
Q

Which cells develops into an osteoblast?

A

Osteogenic cells

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16
Q

Which cells form bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts

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17
Q

Which cells maintain bone tissue?

A

osteocyte

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18
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Build matrix and collagen fibres but cant divide

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19
Q

Which cells clear bone cells?

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

What do osteoclasts come from?

A

Monocytes

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21
Q

Which bone cells are undifferentiated?

A

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells

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22
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

They sit in the lacunae of compact and spongy bones

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23
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

On the surface of the bone

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24
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

In the endosteum and inner layers of periosteum

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25
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

On the surface of bones

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26
Q

Which bone cell is mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix?

A

Osteocyte

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27
Q

Which bone cell is an immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix?

A

Osteoblast

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28
Q

Which bone cell is a stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts?

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

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29
Q

Which bone cell is a multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix ?

A

Osteoclast

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30
Q

What is remodelling in bones?

A

It is the removal and replacement at the same site

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31
Q

What is growth in length of a bone related to?

A

Cartilage

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32
Q

What is growth in width due to?

A

Osteoblasts making more bone

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33
Q

What is widthway growth of a bone called?

A

Apposition all growth

34
Q

What do the Periosteal arteries supply blood to?

A

Osteons and the outer part of compact bone

35
Q

Where do Periosteal arteries penetrate bone?

A

Penetrate the periosteum through Volkmann’s canals

36
Q

Where do the nutrient arteries enter the bone?

A

Enter through diaphysis through nutrient foramen

37
Q

What do nutrient arteries supply?

A

Medullary cavity of the inner part of compact bone

38
Q

What do metaphyseal arteries supply?

A

Spongy bones and marrow in this area

39
Q

Where do metaphyseal arteries enter the bone?

A

At metaphysics

40
Q

What do epiphyseal arteries supply?

A

Spongy bone and marrow in this area

41
Q

Where do epiphyseal arteries enter the bone?

A

Enter at the epiphysis

42
Q

Name 5 factors that remodelling is affected by?

A

Age
Mechanical stress
genetics and environment
Calcium and phosphate levels
Hormones

43
Q

Name 4 bone disorders caused by disorders of development

A

Agenesis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Spina bifida
Achondroplasia

44
Q

Name 4 endocrine disorders that can cause bone disorders

A

Gigantism
Acromegaly
Pituitary dwarfism
Hyper/hypoparathyroidism
Postmenopausal osteoporosis

45
Q

Name 3 nutritional problems that can cause bone disorders

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Scurvy

46
Q

After what age do you slowly begin to lose bone mass?

A

After mid-30s

47
Q

What is an open/compound fracture?

A

It is when bone has managed to break through skin -> there is soft tissue involvement

48
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

It is when one fragment is driven into another with such force that 2 bone breaks are forces into each other

49
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

It is when it is broken into lots of different pieces

50
Q

What is a closed/ simple fracture?

A

It is when skins not broken and soft tissue involvement is less

51
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

It normally has more than 2 fragments and the fragments have moved from original position due to muscle spasm

52
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

A fracture caused by twisting forces

53
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

A combination of twisting and direct force

54
Q

What is a green stick fracture?

A

A fracture only seen in children
They have more collagen and bones are softer so bone bends with a couple of splinters

55
Q

What is a depressed fracture?

A

A skull fracture

56
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

A fracture straight across the bone

57
Q

What is a Colle’s fracture?

A

A fracture at the distal end of radius

58
Q

What is a Pott’s fracture?

A

A fracture at one or both ends of malleoli

59
Q

What are the 4 stages of healing of fractures?

A

Hepatoma formation
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodelling

60
Q

When does hepatoma formation occur in healing of fractures?

A

Occurs immediately and continues for 48-72 hours

61
Q

What happens in the fibrocartilaginous callus formation stage of healing of fractures?

A

Fibroblasts invade the procallus and lay down collagen
Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage

62
Q

What happens in the hematoma formation of healing of fractures?

A

Clot produced in 6-8 hours, bone cells die
Inflammation brings in phagocytise cells
New capillaries grow into damaged area

63
Q

What happens in the bony callus formation of fracture healing?

A

Osteoblasts secrete spongy bone that joins the broken ends of bone lasts 3-4 months

64
Q

What happens in the bone remodelling stage of fracture healing?

A

Compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus
Surface is remodelled back to normal shape
Sometimes a palpable lump remains

65
Q

How long does the union of a spiral fracture of the upper limb take?

A

3/52

66
Q

What is the union of a fracture?

A

The fibrocartilaginous formation

67
Q

What is the consolidation of a fracture?

A

Bones callus formation

68
Q

How long does the consolidation of a spiral upper limb fracture take?

A

6/52

69
Q

How long does the union of a transverse upper limb fracture take?

A

6/52

70
Q

How long does the consolidation of a transverse upper limb fracture take?

A

12/52

71
Q

How long does the union of a spiral lower limb fracture take?

A

6/52

72
Q

How long does the consolidation of a spiral lower limb take?

A

12/52

73
Q

How long does the union of a transverse lower limb fracture take?

A

12/52

74
Q

How long does the consolidation of a transverse lower limb take?

A

24/52

75
Q

Name 8 factors affecting the rate of fracture healing

A

Type of fracture
Site of fracture
Vascular supply
Age of patient
Movement at fracture
Separation of bone ends
Infection
Bone pathology

76
Q

What are the clinical features of a fracture?

A

Pain and tenderness
Swelling and bruising
Deformity and angulation
Impaired function
Shock

77
Q

What test is done for a fracture?

A

X ray -> AP and lateral

78
Q

Name some complications of fractures

A

Delayed/mail/non0union
A vascular necrosis
Sudeck’s atrophy
Compartment syndrome
Volkmann’s ischaemia
Myositis Ossificans
Blood vessel, nerve or visceral damage
Tendon injury
Fat embolus
Osteoarthritis
Growth impairment

79
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

A broken bone that’s caused by a disease rather than an injury

80
Q

What is a boxers’ fracture?

A

When you break a bone at the base of your finger, near the knuckle or neck of the bone, caused by hitting a hard object with a closed fist

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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