Soft Tissue Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of body tissue

A

Connective tissue - fill internal spaces, structural support, transports materials and stores energy

Epithelial tissue- lines interval cavities and passageways and external surfaces and forms glands

Muscle tissue- specialised for all types

Nervous tissue- carries info through electrical impulses

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2
Q

What makes up epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial cells and glands

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3
Q

What surfaces does epithelial tissue cover?

A
Skin 
Lines the digestive tract 
Respiratory tract 
Urinary tract 
Reproductive tract 
Delicate epithelia line internal cavities 
Chest cavity 
Fluid filled spaces in the brain 
Inner surfaces if blood vessels 
Chambers of the heart
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4
Q

What do glands do?

A

Derived from epithelial cells or attached to them.

Produce fluid secretions

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5
Q

Are cells spread or bound tightly in epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells are bound closely

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6
Q

Describe blood supply and regeneration of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue is avascualr and receives nutrients thro diffusion or absorption,

Epithelial cells lost or damaged can regenerate and continuously replaced

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7
Q

4 functions of epithelial tissue

A

P C P P

Physical protection- any surface covered in epithelium protected from abrasion, destruction and dehydration by biological agents

Control permeability- epithelial control what enters and exits cells. Varying degrees of permeability
Permeability involves ASED; Absorption, secretion, excretion and diffusion

Provide sensation- Epithelium has large sensory nerve supply
Info about internal and external environment
Eg, smell, taste, equilibrium and hearing

Produce secretions- glands produce secretions onto surface, or into interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Features of each epithelial cell

A

Basal surface = cell attach to connective tissue or more epithelial cells

Mitochondria - produces ATP

Nucleus- controls cell and carries DNA

Microvilli- increase SA Of cell by X20, so faster absorption and secretion

Cilia- move substances over epithelium
Eg, cilia moves mucus from lungs and centrally to throat

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9
Q

How can we classify epithelial tissue?

A

Number of layers : Simple or stratified

Cell shape: squamous, cuboidal or columnar

Eg, Stratified epithelium at the surface of mouth or skin so plenty of layers if damage occurs + rapid regeneration

Eg, simple epithelium is found where more secretion and absorption are (eg, intestinal lining)

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10
Q

Describe endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands

Secrete hormones into extracellular fluid and then into blood

Hormones travel in blood to specific receptor and coordinate and regulate activity of that organ, tissue or system.

Eg, pituitary, thyroid and thymus gland

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11
Q

Describe exocrine

A

Secrete products through a duct onto a surface of into a cavity

Eg, digestive enzymes, sweat glands and tears
Skin has sebaceous gland to secrete waxy substance to lubricants hair on skin

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12
Q

Connective tissue

A

All over the body

Not exposed to outside environment

Connects epithelium to rest of the body

Many are highly vascular - but not all!

Fills internal spaces between cells
Supports tissues and organs
Stores energy
Transports materials round the body

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13
Q

Describe classification of connective tissue

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER= Loose CT, dense CT and adipose

FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE- Blood and lymph

SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE- Cartilage and bone

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14
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Loose collagen and elastic fibres

Fills spaces around organs

Elastic fibres make it resilient - returns to normal shape

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15
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Has collagen fibres, elastic fibres and many fat cells

Provides padding
Absorbs shock
Insulation
Stores energy

Fat pads in synovial joints to reduce friction between bone and tendon

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16
Q

Dense CT

A

Also known as fibrous connective tissue

Can be dense regular = Parallel collagen fibres packed densely eg, tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular = Collagen fibres interweave to form a mesh, eg, dermis layer

17
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood and lymph

Transports cells and dissolved minerals round body

Involved in inflammatory and immune responses

18
Q

Cartilage

A
On articulate surfaces of joints 
Protects bone 
Shock absorption 
Reduce friction between bones 
Dense packed collagen fibres - withstand pressure
19
Q

Bone

A

Support
Attachment for skeletal muscles
Flat bones protect internal organs
Has mineral deposits like calcium

20
Q

6 functions of connective tissue

A

1) Gives structural framework to body - eg, bones and loose CT
2) Transports fluids and materials eg. Lymph and blood
3) protects delicate organs eg, loose CT and bone
4) support, surround and connect other tissues eg, loose CT
5) stores energy eg, adipose stores triglycerides
6) defend body from pathogens eg, in blood and lymph with immunity cells and CT proper has macrophages and lymphocytes

21
Q

Describe cartilage in more detail

A

Cartilage is in a gel matrix with closely packed collagen fibres - can cope with stresses

CHONDROCYTES - Cartilage cells
Produce and maintain matrix
Secrete chemical to prevent blood vessels in cartilage tissue
Cartilage is avascualr - nutrients via matrix. Does not heal well.

PROTEOGLYCANS: Pritein and sugar
Regulate molecule movement through matrix
Affects how cartilage copes with stresses

22
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 types of cartilage ?

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

ELASTIC

FIBROCARTILAGE

23
Q

HYALINE CARTILAGE

A

Closely packed collagen fibres
Tough but flexible

Found in:
Most joints over surfaces eg, hip joint femoral, head and acetabulum. But acetabular labrum is fibrocartilage.

Between ribs and sternum

Nasal cartilage

Respiratory tract (around trachea etc)

24
Q

ELASTIC

A

Resilient and flexible
High proportion of elastic fibres

Found in:
External flap of ear 
Epiglottis (prevent food and liquid into the lungs ) 
Auditory tube 
Small caritilages in larynx
25
FIBROCARTILAGE
Durable and tough Densely interwoven collagen fibres Little ground substance Resist compression and absorbs shock ``` Found: Labrum of joints hip and shoulder Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis disc Menisci ```
26
4 membranes in the body
MSCS Mucous membranes Serous membranes Cutaneous Synovial
27
When do membranes occur?
When epithelial and connectivetissue come together
28
Mucous membranes
Lines passageways like urinary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive Moist by own secretions like mucus or exposure to fluids like urine or semen Made of thin layer of epithelial cells - fast absorption and excretion
29
Serous membranes
``` Line sealed subdivisions of cavities Not kept to exterior Thin and transparent Produces serous fluid to prevent friction between surfaces it covers Firmly bonded to organ they cover ``` Eg: PPP Pleura- lines pleural cavity of the lungs Pleurisy is inflammation of pleura causes breathing issues Peritoneum- lines abdominal cavity and covers organs there, eg, stomach, spleen and intestines Peritonitis is inflammation of abdominal lining, Pericardium-lines pericardial cavity of heart Pericarditis is inflammation of the heart
30
Synovial membranes
Internal surface of synovial joints 2 layers : Loose connective tissue Atypical epithelium = contains macrophages and fibroblasts Epithelial layer regulates composition of synovial fluid Hyaline cartilage absorbs nutrients from synovial fluid
31
Cutaneous membranes
Made of epidermis epithelial tissue and dermis connective tissue Dermis has loose CT and dense irregular. Collagen and elastic fibres. Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles and glands Below dermis is the loose CT layer
32
Functions of cutaneous membrane
Protects underlying tissues and organs against abrasion, fluid loss and chemicals Excretion of salt, water and organic waste (by glands) Maintains temperature ``` Produces melanin (protection from UV) Keratin (protects from abrasion and repels water) Produces vitamin D 3 = supports bone health as absorbs calcium ``` Store lipids - adipose tissue Detects sensations - eg, pressure, touch, vibrations Coordinate immune response to pathogens and cancers of skin
33
Final facts about skin:
Lip skin is thinner than skin on cheek More skin layers on palms of hands and plantar surface of the feet Skin can pucker in water as skin absorbs water by osmosis Colour of skin indicates issues = blue skin means hypoxia and red means inflammation